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153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 921 (2004-2005)
Beyond Economic Fatherhood: Encouraging Divorced Fathers to Parent

handle is hein.journals/pnlr153 and id is 935 raw text is: BEYOND ECONOMIC FATHERHOOD: ENCOURAGING DIVORCED FATHERS TO PARENT SOLANGEL MALDONADOt INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 922 I. LAW AND SOCIAL NORMS.................................................................. 930 II. CURRENT NORMS OF POST-DIVORCE FATHERHOOD........................ 938 A. Ambiguous Expectations............................................................ 938 B. Paternal Disengagement ............................................................ 946 C. Paternal Involvement and Children's Development................. 949 1. Educational and Societal Benefits .......................................... 951 2. Emotional and Psychological Benefits ................................... 957 3. Child Support .......................................................................... 961 III. REASONS FOR PATERNAL DISENGAGEMENT .................................... 962 A. Custody Law................................................................................ 962 B. Gender Bias: Reality or Perception?......................................... 967 C. The Visiting Father..................................................................... 975 1. Vanilla Visitation and Disneyland Daddies ............................ 976 2. Emotional Pain ........................................................................ 978 3. Conflict With the Child's Mother........................................... 979 IV. CHANGING THE NORM: ENCOURAGING PATERNAL ENGAGEMENT ................................................................................. 983 A. Presumption ofJoint Legal Custody.......................................... 984 1. Symbolic Function and Paternal Involvement....................... 990 2. Why Not Joint Physical Custody? ............................................ 997 B. Creating a Norm of Nurturing Fatherhood .............. 1000 CONCLUSION....................................................................................... 1009 f Associate Professor, Seton Hall University School of Law. J.D., Columbia Law School, 1996. This Article was presented at the Symposium on Alternative Families at Rutgers- Newark Law School and at the Northeast People of Color Legal Scholarship Confer- ence at the University of Connecticut School of Law. I am deeply grateful to the par- ticipants at both conferences for their helpful comments. The Article also benefited from my participation in the Seton Hall Summer Brown Bag Lunch Series and the comments of my colleagues who attended. In addition, I thank Carlos Bellido, Carl Coleman, Tristin Green, Rachel Godsil, Kevin Kelly, Charlie Sullivan, and Sarah Wal- deck for their suggestions on earlier drafts. Thanks to Susie Cho, Brian Ford, Jody Walker, and the Seton Hall library staff for valuable research assistance. The Article was made possible by the generous support of the Seton Hall University School of Law Summer Research Stipend Program. (921)

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