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2 Haw. J.L. & Pol. 34 (2006)
Mapping the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Colonial Venture?

handle is hein.journals/hawjolp2 and id is 34 raw text is: MAPPING THE HAWAIIAN KINGDOM: A COLONIAL VENTURE? Kamanamaikalani Beamer and T. Kaeo Duarte* I. INTRODUCTION II. THE USE OF TOOLS OF THE OTHER III. S.P. KALAMA'S 1938 MAP: ACCULTURATION OR TRANSCULTURATION? IV. POLITICS AND LAND IN THE MID-I 800S V. PRINCE LOT KAPUAIWA AND THE BOUNDARY COMMISSION VI. (RE)MAPPING THE HAWAIIAN STATE VII. CONCLUSIONS I. INTRODUCTION The early to mid-1800s was an era of tremendous cultural and socio- political change for Hawai'i and its native people. A wave of outside influences swept through the islands, inundating the ruling ali'i (chiefs) as well as the maka'ainana (commoners). In addition to many new technologies and materials, this wave introduced ideologies, cultural norms and worldviews foreign to Hawai'i. The establishment of the Kingdom of Hawai'i, with its adoption of and adaptation to modem forms of government and policy, represented a fundamental change to Hawaiian society. The ruling ali'i struggled to maintain the sovereignty of their islands in the midst of foreign attempts to gain control over the lands and resources of Hawai'i. Policies implemented during these difficult years may have been a mix of policies that the ali'i were pressured to implement and others ali'i strategically implemented in their attempts to secure their nation's political and cultural future. One of those policies - - the surveying and mapping of Kingdom lands - - not only had political and economic implications, but affected traditional Hawaiian concepts of land division and palena (place boundaries). Scholars have suggested that western surveys and maps are tools used to aid colonizers in the dispossession of native people from their native lands.' While this is sadly true in other contexts, the Hawaiian case, we Kamanamaikalani Beamer is a Ph.D. candidate in Geography at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. T. Ka'eo Duarte is an Assistant Professor in Botany and Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. His research interests include hydrology, ecohydrology and traditional Hawaiian resource management. ' Bruce Braun, The Intemperate Rainforest: Nature, Culture and Power on Canada's West Coast, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002); Timothy Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Evelyn Stokes,

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