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30 Mich. J. Int'l L. 927 (2008-2009)
From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008

handle is hein.journals/mjil30 and id is 937 raw text is: FROM PINOCHET TO RUMSFELD: UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN EUROPE 1998-2008 Wolfgang Kaleck* I. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN EUROPEAN PRACTICE ................. 931 A . B elgium .............................................................................. 932 B . F rance ................................................................................ 936 C . Sw itzerland ........................................................................ 939 D . U nited K ingdom ................................................................. 940 E . The N etherlands ................................................................. 942 F. Scandinavia ....................................................................... 945 G . G erm any ............................................................................ 949 H . A ustria ............................................................................... 953 I. Sp a in .................................................................................. 9 54 J. Sum m ary ............................................................................ 958 II. PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES ...................................................... 958 A. Lack of Appropriate International, European Union, and Domestic Legislation .................................................. 958 B. Presence Requirement and Principle of Complem entarity ........................................................... 959 C. Practical Problems of Prosecuting International Crim es .......................................................... 961 D. Prosecutorial Discretion and Immunity ............................. 962 III. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISMS TO COMBAT IMPUNITY .............................................................. 964 A. Territorial and Personality Jurisdiction: The Case of the CIA Rendition Flights in Europe ........ ; .................... 964 B. State Accountability: Applying Regional Mechanisms ...... 966 C. Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and Other C vil R em edies .................................................................... 970 * Wolfgang Kaleck, criminal and human rights lawyer, is co-founder and General Secretary of the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights e.V. (ECCHR) in Ber- lin. See http://www.ecchr.eu. In 1998, shortly before the Pinochet arrest, the author participated in the foundation of and has worked since then as a lawyer and spokesman in the Coalition Against Impunity, a network with the goal of suing former Argentinean military officers in German courts. Furthermore, he is the lawyer in several universal jurisdiction and war on terror related cases-including the German cases against the then-U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, John Yoo and others for torture-in Germany, Austria, and France representing victims from, for example, Uzbekistan, China, Mexico and Chechnya. I would like to thank my research assistants, Cydney Peterson and Ruben Reike, and Florian Jessberger, Miriam Saage-Maass, Andreas Schiuller, Peter Weiss and the editors for their helpful comments. Further comments are welcome: Kaleck@ecchr.eu

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