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41 L. Q. Rev. 263 (1925)
Martial Law In Egypt 1914-1923

handle is hein.journals/lqr41 and id is 275 raw text is: MARTIAL LAW IN EGYPT, 1914-1923. V ERY little appears so far to have been written upon the subject of the remarkable system of government which, under the name of ' martial law,' was maintained in operation in Egypt from 1914 till 1923. Yet this system presents many points of interest for the student of legal and political institutions, and it may be hoped therefore that some account of it will be accept- able to readers of the Law Quarterly Review. It will first be desirable to recall the main outlines of the legal and legislative system which existed in Egypt at the moment of the outbreak of the Great War. Egypt was a Turkish province, which, however, under the terms of a series of 'firmans,' or charters, from the Sultan, enjoyed a wide measure of autonomy. Its government was vested in an hereditary viceroy, the Khedive, whose powers were exercised through and on the advice of a Council of Ministers. There was also a Legislative Assembly, elected on a popular basis, which had wide powers of discussion and criticism, and considerable powers of delaying 6r vetoing measures of which it disapproved. Egypt had for the preceding thirty-two years been occupied by a British army, and the actual direction of government policy was to a large but diminishing extent exercised by the diplomatic representatives of His Majesty's Government, who enjoyed the modest title of Consul-General and Minister Plenipotentiary. The greatest restriction upon the powers of the Egyptian Government resulted, however, from the Capitulations, a system of treaties going back to the Middle Ages, under which, through- out the Ottoman dominions, foreigners enjoyed a wide measure of ex-territoriality. Under these treaties, to which usage had given an even more vigorous effect in Egypt than in other parts of the Ottoman Empire, foreigners were, exceptions excepted, exempted from the legislative, executive, or judicial authority of the Egyptian Government. If a foreigner committed an offence, he was triable according to his own national law and before his own consular

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