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48 Envtl. Pol'y & L. 133 (2018)
Environmentally Displaced Persons

handle is hein.journals/envpola48 and id is 139 raw text is: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAw, 48/2 (2018) FDRE. 1997. Environmental Policy. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Environmental Protection Authority in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, Addis Ababa. FDRE. 2007. Forest development, conservation and utilization proclamation No. 542/2007. Federal Negarit Gazeta, Addis Ababa. Government of Ethiopia. 1975. Community forest proclamation No.225 & 227 Federal Negarit Gazeta, Addis Ababa. Government of Ethiopia. 1980. Proclamation to set up forest and wildlife conservation authorities. Federal Aegarit Gazeta. Addis Ababa. Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Natural Resource Sector. 2012. Guideline for Participatory Forest Management in Ethiopia. Oromia National Regional Government (ONRG). 2003. Forest Proclamation of Oromia, Proclamation No. 72/2003. Megalta, Finfinne. Notes I The German Gesellschaft fir Technische Zusainmenarbeit has changed its name recently to GIZ (Gesellschaft fiir Internationale Zusamnenarbeit) to engage more with other international organisations in partnership. The World Bank, the UK Department for International Development and the German Kreditanstalt flir Wiederaufbiau are funders of sustainable natural resource management projects in Ethiopia. GIZ is a technical wing that renders support and technical advice for the federal, regional and district project implementing platforms. Sabata Hawas is among the beneficiaries of the project. 2 Interviews with gada leader of Quoche Wagiddo, 20 August 2014. Environmental refugees represent a new phenomenon on the international scene. The absence of a clear definition of what they represent and the lack of an international organisation which will take care of this type ofrefugee hinder the possibility oftheir identification. In literature, many authors are trying to apply scientific research methodology to highlight the situation in this field. For example, the American geographer Wood suggests the use of the term eco-migrants as a broader concept that includes all those whose need for migration is caused by environmental factors. Wood suggests the useful ambiguity of the prefix eco as a part of the term, referring to the environmental and economic factors. He explains that migrations have elements of environmental and economic dimensions, and a clear distinction between them is impossible. This idea highlights the fact that environmental factors cause migrations, and migrants reshape and change the environment.' Historic Development However, the first influential voice on environmental refugees was John Steinbeck in his 1938 masterpiece, The Grapes of Wrath.2 In it, Steinbeck documented the environmental and economic decay of American farms in the 1930s, when small farmers in the US's central great plains faced a difficult on-going battle for survival, due to harvest failures which were triggered by i Full Professor, Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Security, Defence and Peace, Saints Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia. ii Full Professor, Faculty of Security, St Clement of Ohrid University, Bitola, Macedonia. 3 Interviews with qallu in Qochc Wagiddo. 20 August 2014. 4 As shown in Figure 1, the special Oromia zone includes six districts: Sahata- Hawas, Walmara, Mulo, Sululata, Baraq and Akakki; and eight municipalities: Burayyu, loleta. Sandafa, Laga Tafo-Laga Dadhi, Sululta, Sahata, Dukam and Galan. 5 Land to the tiller was the slogan of Ethiopian student movements in opposition to the imperial regime. Despite the implementation of the slogan, land ownership remains in the hands of the State. 6 Interviews with leaders ofcommunities, leaders of PAs, leaders of forest user group associations, and peasant elders in Qoche, Mogle and Gogle, 12 July 2014. 7 Interviews with experts in forestry and natural resource management, Sabata, 9 July 2014. 8 Interviews with community leaders and PA leaders, Qoche, 10 July 2014. 9 Group discussions with non-members of the community. 10 Interviews with traditional forest users, Rogge village, 20 July 2014. 11 Interviews with gada and qallu leaders, Qoche Wagiddo, 20 August 2014. 12 Interviews with qallu of ladha Abayi and gada leader, Qoche Wagiddo, 21 August 2014. 13 Group discussions with forest user groups, Mogle, I August 2014; and interviews with forest and natural resource experts, Sabata, 9 July 2014. 14 Focus group discussion with forest user groups in Qoche, 10 July 2014. 15 Court file review, Sahata, 5 August 2015. 16 Interviews with leaders of communities and forest user associations, Qoche, Mogle and Gogle, 17 August 2014. DOI 10.3233/EPL-180064 economic weakness caused by the Depression and continuous farming activities that had led to the impoverishment of the soil. This situation forced thousands of families to move west, leaving the so-called dust bowl behind them, in search of livelihoods. In 1949, William Vogt, too, used the novel format to express his (more critical) stance regarding environmentally displaced poor persons, in Road to Survival, which some consider a classic. In the novel, Vogt described environmental refugees as people who have been displaced as a result of their own continuous activities. They can feed and dress themselves, obtain food, wool, charcoal and firewood, only by destruction of the land they live on, as well as the natural resources. It is they who are destroying forests, causing soil erosion, and destroying flora and fauna. Millions of them have to be displaced away from the erosive slopes, destroyed forests, grazed off pastures unless they want to cut living standards in their own countries. Vogt described environmental refugees as culprits causing the environmental disturbance and degradation, that eventually forces their own relocation.3 From 1985 to 1994, Jodi Jacobson worked as a researcher at the Worldwatch Institute, writing articles that covered the environmental refugees who were financially supported by the Fund for Population Activities of the United Nations. In her article Environmental Refugees: Criteria for Living, published by Worldwatch in 1988, Jacobson divides environmental refugees into three categories, based on interpretations of the causes and effects of environmental changes: 0378-777X/18/$27.50 @ 2018 IOS Press 133 Macedonia Environmentally Displaced Persons by Toni Mileskii and Marina Malish-Sazdovskan

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