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44 Vt. L. Rev. 849 (2019-2020)
Feminist Revenge: Seeking Justice for Victims of Nonconsensual Pornography through 'Revenge Porn' Reform

handle is hein.journals/vlr44 and id is 881 raw text is: FEMINIST REVENGE: SEEKING JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF NONCONSENSUAL PORNOGRAPHY THROUGH REVENGE PORN REFORM Katherine Gabriel* INTRODUCTION...................................... ....... 849 I. BACKGROUND ...................................... ..... 852 A. The History of Revenge Pornography ................. ..... 852 B. The Development of Revenge Porn Policies and Laws................... 855 II. THE CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK ADDRESSING REVENGE PORN.... 861 A. Civil Claims .......................................... 861 1. Sexual Harassment Laws.................................. 861 2. Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws............. ..... 864 3. Tort Claims ............................... .......... 865 B. Criminal Laws ............................................ 867 1. Statutes Directly Addressing Revenge Porn......... ............ 868 2. The Elements of a Successful Revenge Porn Statute................... 871 III. CASE STUDY: VERMONT ......................... ......... 876 IV. A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ...................................... 885 V. PROPOSAL FOR REVENGE PORN LAW REFORM ................. 888 CONCLUSION ..................................... ......... 892 INTRODUCTION The U.S. legal system fails to adequately provide redress for victims of nonconsensual pornography, also known as revenge porn. Before 2013, the legal system largely ignored the growing presence of nonconsensual pornography.' There were no laws specifically in place to either deter or punish individuals who distributed nonconsensual, sexually explicit material.2 There was little-if any-justice available for victims of revenge porn. However, by 2020, 46 states and the District of Columbia enacted *. J.D. 2019, Vermont Law School. 1. See MARY ANNE FRANKS, DRAFTING AN EFFECTIVE REVENGE PORN LAW: A GUIDE FOR LEGISLATORS 3 (2016), https://www.cybercivilrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Guide-for- Legislators-9.16.pdf (discussing how, prior to 2013, states largely did not regulate the disclosure of nonconsensual pornography, even though they had enacted laws addressing other realms of privacy). 2. See id at 3-4 (noting that three states had criminal laws potentially encompassing, but not directly addressing, nonconsensual pornography).

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