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103 Mich. L. Rev. 807 (2004-2005)
A New Understanding of Tax

handle is hein.journals/mlr103 and id is 827 raw text is: A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF TAX
Edward J. McCaffery*
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION................................................. .....809
A. Loomings..................................809
B. The Road Ahead ................................................................... 818
II. IN THEORY: THREE FORMS OF TAX.......................................... 819
A. An Example ........................................................................... 819
B .  The  Incom  e  Tax..................................................................... 821
C.   Two Forms of Consumption Tax......................................... 824
D. Two Conditions of Equivalence........................................... 825
1. Constant Tax Rates ......................................................... 825
2. Constant Rates of Return................................................ 826
E.   The  Treatm  ent of  D ebt.......................................................... 827
III. A PROBLEM OF UNDERSTANDING............................................. 829
A. Means and Ends ....................................................................829
B.   The Traditional Logic of Tax............................................... 832
C. The Modern Income-Versus-Consumption Debate........... 838
1. The Case for Consumption............................................. 838
2. The Income Empire Strikes Back .................................. 841
3. Why It Matters ................................................................. 843
* Robert C. Packard Trustee Chair in Law and Political Science, University of Southern
California Law School; Visiting Professor of Law and Economics, California Institute of
Technology. B.A. (Philosophy and Classics) 1980, Yale; J.D. 1985, Harvard; M.A.
(Economics) 1994, University of Southern California. - Ed.
Earlier versions of this Article were given as the Hugh J. and Frank Tamisiea Lecture at
the University of Iowa School of Law, and at workshops at New York University School of
Law, Southern California Law & Philosophy Reading Group, University of Southern
California Law School, Southern California Tax Policy Group, University of Michigan Law
School, and Washington University School of Law. I thank all the participants at these
occasions. I also thank, in particular, Scott Altman, Ellen Aprill, Alan Auerbach, Reuven
Avi-Yonah, Steven Bank, Pat Cain, Eric Claeys, Bill Gale, Jim Hines, Doug Kahn, Louis
Kaplow, Bill Klein, Dan Klerman, Kyle Logue, Andrei Marmor, Herb Morris, Steve
Munzer, Bob Pollak, Katie Pratt, Don Regan, Jonathan Schwartz, Daniel Shaviro, Seanna
Shiffrin, Reed Shuldiner, Joel Slemrod, Kirk Stark, Nancy Staudt, Jeff Strnad, Eric Talley,
David Weisbach, Peter Wiedenbeck, and Larry Zelenak for helpful comments and
conversations. Tom Griffith deserves extra thanks for his detailed commentary on an early
version. I also thank my research assistants Greg Barchie, Alex Baskin, Joan Huh, Mayer
Nazarian, Keith Padien, and Christina Yang, and the always-superb University of Southern
California law librarians for all their assistance. Finally, I owe at least an extra word for the
late David Bradford, who gave me characteristically smart, provocative, and helpful
comments on this work. David's grace and intellect, sorely needed in tax, will be deeply
missed. Thank you, David.

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