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43 Tex. Int'l L. J. 503 (2007-2008)
No Direction Home: Nationalism and Statelessness in the Baltics

handle is hein.journals/tilj43 and id is 509 raw text is: No Direction Home: Nationalism and Statelessness in the Baltics ANNELIES LOTTMANN* I. INTR O D U CTIO N ................................................................................................... 503 II. THE RE-ACTIVATION OF PRE-SOVIET CITIZENSHIP LAWS ............................ 506 A. Latvia and Estonia: Using an Old Model to Address New Challenges.506 1. G ranting Status to the Stateless .......................................................... 508 2. Potential and Actual Problems for the Stateless .............................. 509 B. Lithuania: A M ore Open M odel ............................................................... 509 C. Russians in the Baltics Weigh the Option of Naturalization ................... 510 1. T he T ruly Stateless ............................................................................... 513 III. E XTERNAL R ESPONSES ...................................................................................... 514 A. Russia: Reaching Across Borders to Protect the Diaspora ..................... 514 B. The International Community: Turning a Blind Eye? ............................ 515 IV . ELUSIVE REMEDIES AT LAW ............................................................................. 516 V. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE ................... 519 I. INTRODUCTION Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, collectively known as the Baltic states, were among the first republics to gain independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. With independence came a resurgence of interest in Baltic culture-a renewed dedication to Baltic traditions and language, both of which had long been relegated to secondary status.' As the people of the Baltics rediscovered and celebrated their own cultures, some began to push back against what they perceived as a century of repression by the Soviet Union. The obvious targets for this * The University of Texas School of Law, J.D. expected May 2008. 1. See generally Sonia Buchkov Green, Language of Lullabies: The Russification and De-Russification of the Baltic States, 19 MICH. J. INT'L L. 219 (1997) (arguing that the Baltic States have used language laws as a legitimate means to counteract the Soviet policy of Russification and to establish cultural independence from Russia and the USSR); Richard Visek, Creating the Ethnic Electorate Through Legal Restorationism: Citizenship Rights in Estonia, 38 HARV. INT'L L.J. 315 (1997) (describing the outpouring of Estonian nationalism as the Soviet Union declined); see also, MARK A. JUBULIS, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION: THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP AND LANGUAGE IN POST-SOVIET LATVIA 38-56 (University Press of America 2001) (arguing that the Latvian nationalist movement was a response to Soviet policies that subordinated Latvians in their own homeland).

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