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17 Global Governance 247 (2011)
Global and Local Policy Responses to the Resource Trap

handle is hein.journals/glogo17 and id is 251 raw text is: Global Governance 17 (201 1), 247-264 Global and Local Policy Responses to the Resource Trap Gilles Carbonnier, Fritz Brugger, and Jana Krause This article examines the most significant international policy responses that seek to address the resource trap and spur development in resource- rich, but fragile states. It applies a regime theoretical framework to assess recent multistakeholder initiatives within the extractive sector by focusing on the processes through which they seek to alter the behavior of public and private organizations. Based on a review of the Nigerian and Azeri cases, the article finds that civil society often does not have the capacity to live up to the high expectations placed on it by these initiatives. The effec- tiveness and eventual success of multistakeholder initiatives in the extractive sector require exploring alternative pathways to affect behavior of key ac- tors. Stronger market incentives and regulation can provide the conditions required for extractive activities to result in positive development outcomes. KEYwoRos: civil society, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, multi- stakeholder initiatives, Nigeria, Azerbaijan, regime theory resource curse. ENERGY SECURITY RANKS AMONG THE TOP PRIORITIES OF THE ORGANISATION for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and emerging economies alike, whose foreign relations agenda is often dictated by a perma- nent concern to secure oil and gas supplies. Yet there is no such thing as a global governance system for energy. Instead, there is a myriad of regional and sectoral organizations as well as bilateral agreements that address specific concerns between selected producer and consumer states. It is true that the In- ternational Energy Forum (IEF) has served as a global platform for dialogue between consumer, producer, and transit countries since the beginning of the 1990s. But the IEF is not an intergovernmental organization and its recom- mendations are not binding. Investment and trade agreements are negotiated in a piecemeal manner under bilateral and regional agreements or treaties like the Energy Charter Treaty. Against this background, it is no wonder that industrialized countries do not make poverty alleviation their first priority vis-A-vis resource-rich devel- oping countries. Addressing the resource curse is not a top priority as long as it does not put energy security at risk. Governance and development in frag- ile, resource-rich states have nonetheless drawn increasingly more attention from rich countries because of the ensuing risks in terms of regional stability 247

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