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20 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 315 (1989-1990)
Toward a Broader Definition of Refugee: 20th Century Development Trends

handle is hein.journals/calwi20 and id is 321 raw text is: TOWARD A BROADER DEFINITION OF REFUGEE: 20TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS Carlos Ortiz Miranda* INTRODUCTION The word refugee is a term of art in international law.1 Mod- ern territorial states have limited its use to those instances under which individuals or groups deserve assistance and protection in their escape to freedom or safety.2 The reason for the individual's flight to freedom or safety is important under the principles of in- ternational law in relation to the definition of refugee. Because refugees are afforded special status under international law, the modern territorial state may want to deter an influx of certain indi- viduals or groups for social, economic or foreign policy reasons. To accomplish this goal, states can define them as stowaways, boat people, economic migrants, displaced persons, illegal aliens, or peo- ple who have been firmly resettled elsewhere.4 Further, the protec- * Assistant General Counsel, United States Catholic Conference. B.A. 1976, University of Puerto Rico; J.D. 1980, Antioch School of Law; LL.M. 1983, Georgetown University Law Center. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Catholic Conference. I. This article will not focus on the concepts of asylum and withholding of deportation (nonrefoulement). Asylum is a discretionary relief given to persons who meet the definition of refugee. Asylum status usually leads to permanent residency. Nonrefoulement is another form of immigration relief which prohibits a state from returning an individual to a country where the life or liberty of the individual is clearly endangered. This is usually a temporary relief. See generally ALEINIKOFF & MARTIN, IMMIGRATION PROCESS AND POLICY 638-726 (1985); see also Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 107 S. Ct. 1207 (1987) (leading Supreme Court case which discusses and distinguishes United States law on the two types of protection; according to the Court, asylum is to be considered using the refugee definition contained in the international conventions to be discussed later in this article, while United States law covering nonrefoulement (withholding of deportation) has its own history outside of the Refugee Act of 1980; nonetheless, the nonrefoulement provisions of United States law are consistent with obligations under the 1967 Protocol). 2. For a more detailed discussion of the semantics covering the definition and descrip- tion of the word refugee, see GOODWIN-GILL, 1-2 THE REFUGEE IN INTERNArIONAL LAW (1985) 3. Id. at 1. 4. Two recent examples include the United States' treatment of Central Americans fleeing armed conflict in that region, and the United Kingdom's effort to stem the flow of Vietnamese asylum seekers in Hong Kong. See Miller, Demystifying Safe Haven The Case of Salvadoran and Guatemalan Refugees, 3 GEO. IMM. L.J. 45 (1989) (discusses the administrative misinterpretation of the concept of firm resettlement by the United States under a safe haven policy used to deny asylum claims made by Salvadorans and

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