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13 Competition L. Int'l 125 (2017)
Emerging Antitrust Threats and Enforcement Actions in the Online World

handle is hein.journals/cmpetion13 and id is 131 raw text is: Emerging Antitrust Threats and Enforcement Actions in the Online World Ariel Ezrachi and Maurice E Stucke E -commerce promises to bring us closer to some economists' ideal of perfect competition - where ample choice, better quality and lower prices reign. The new online world promises to reduce entry barriers and search costs, as well as increasing transparency and market access. However, a closer look reveals an imperfect online environment. Powerful anti- competitive undercurrents are following the wave of innovation and competitiveness introduced by e-commerce. More online markets are exhibiting increased concentration, barriers to expansion and entry, as well as anti-competitive strategies. At times, these anti-competitive strategies may be based on contractual frameworks - such as parity clauses and online marketplace bans.1'2 Indeed, the European Commission (the 'Commission') sector inquiry on e-commerce noted the increased use of selective distribution systems online 'to better control their distribution networks, in particular in terms of the quality of distribution but also price'.' It also noted increasing 'restrictions on the use of price comparison tools and I Ariel Ezrachi, 'The Competitive Effects of Parity Clauses on Online Commerce' (2015) 11/2-3 European Competition Journal 488-519. 2 Ariel Ezrachi, 'The Ripple Effects of Online Marketplace Bans' (2017) 40-01 World Competition Law and Economics Review 47-66. 3 Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/sector-inquiries-e_commerce.html.

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