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20 St. Louis U. L.J. 225 (1975-1976)
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Decade of Private Enforcement and Judicial Developments

handle is hein.journals/stlulj20 and id is 237 raw text is: TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964: A DECADE OF PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ROBERT BELTON* The objective of Congress in the enactment of Title VII is plain from the language of the statute. It was to achieve equality of employment opportunities and re- move barriers that have operated in the past to favor an identifiable group of . . . employees over other em- ployees .... Congress directed the thrust of the Act to the consequences of employment practices, not simply the motivation.' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ---------------.-.--.-..........................------------ 226 II. THE BEGINNING: ELIMINATING PROCEDURAL ROADBLOCKS -------231 A. Jurisdictional Prerequisites -----------------------.......---------.231 B . T im elin ess -.-.. ... .-..---.-.---.. .... ...... ...... . .. ... . 233 C. Specificity of Charge ------- ....-.--- .........................------------------..- --- - 234 D. Overlapping Procedures -------------------.-.---- .......................------------.---- - 235 (1) Grievance-Arbitration Procedures -------- ------------236 (2) Section 1981 --- 239 III. EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION: A NEW CONCEPT -....................----- ------240 A . B ackgroun d ............................. . ................................................-- - - . 240 B. Title VII -------------. . .....----------------------------------.-.--..............--------- 240 (1) Requirem ent of Intent ----.............................................---- 240 (2) Adverse Impact Discrimination 243 IV. ESTABLISHING THE UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE .........................-246 A. Order and Allocation of the Burden of Proof -- --------------------------- 246 (1) Individual Actions 246 (2) C lass A ction s -...---.-----------------------.. ............... ....... 247 B. Establishing the Prima Facie Case -------- .................------------------------- 249 (1) McDonnell Douglas Criteria -----..........................-------.--------------- 250 (2) Statistical Evidence - -- ------------ 250 (3) Evidence of Conduct Prior to Effective Date of Act 253 C. The Doctrine of Business Necessity -------------.....................------------- 254 D. Seniority, Promotion, and Transfer - 257 (1) Discriminatory Seniority Systems -..........................257 * Director, Fair Employment Clinical Law Program, Vanderbilt Uni- versity School of Law. B.A. 1961, University of Connecticut; J.D. 1965, Boston University School of Law. Member, Bars of New York and North Carolina. The author has served as counsel for the plaintiffs in the following em- ployment discrimination cases among others: Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405 (1975); Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971); Pettway v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 494 F.2d 211 (5th Cir. 1974); Brown v. Gaston County Dyeing Mach. Co., 457 F.2d 1377 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 982 (1972); Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., 444 F.2d 791 (4th Cir.), cert. dismissed, 404 U.S. 1006 (1971). 1. Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 429-30, 432 (1971) (emphasis in original) (Burger, C.J.).

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