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37 U. Haw. L. Rev. 429 (2015)
Implicit Bias in Hawai'i: An Empirical Study

handle is hein.journals/uhawlr37 and id is 443 raw text is: Implicit Bias in Hawai'i: An Empirical Study Justin D. Levinson, Koichi Hioki & Syugo Hotta* I. INTRODUCTION More than twenty years after pervasive implicit racial bias began to be documented by social scientists, a tremendous body of scholarship teaches citizens and scholars alike about the power and breadth of implicit racial bias in America and beyond.' Hundreds of empirical studies have found, using wide-ranging methodologies, that people possess a vast range of implicit biases that largely function outside their conscious awareness and 2 can act to corrupt decision-making processes. These biases, for example, manifest in the way people consistently associate certain groups (e.g., Native Americans, Black Americans, the elderly, the disabled, the overweight) with negative traits (e.g., violent, immoral, lazy) and other groups (e.g., White Americans, the physically abled, the thin) with positive . Professor of Law and Director, Culture and Jury Project, University of Hawai'i William S. Richardson School of Law. The authors would like to thank Melody Kapilialoha MacKenzie and Eric Yamamoto for their comments and wise guidance. Krysti Uranaka and Desiree Manuel provided outstanding research assistance. Dean Aviam Soifer offered generous research support to the first author. Please address correspondence to Justin D. Levinson at justinl@hawaii.edu. Assistant Professor, Kobe University, Graduate School of Business Administration. Professor, Meiji University School of Law. See, e.g., Anthony G. Greenwald et al., Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test, 74 J. PERSONALITY & Soc. PSYCHOL. 1464 (1998) (introducing attitude and stereotype implicit association tests (IATs) and concluding that the IAT is a useful measure of implicit racial bias); Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Attitudes Can Be Measured, in THE NATURE OF REMEMBERING: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ROBERT G. CROWDER 117 (Henry L. Roediger III et al. eds., 2001); Joshua Correll et al., The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals, 83 J. PERSONALITY & Soc. PSYCHOL. 1314 (2002); Nilanjana Dasgupta, Implicit Ingroup Favoritism, Outgroup Favoritism, and Their Behavioral Manifestations, 17 Soc. JusT. RES. 143 (2004); Anthony G. Greenwald & Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes, 102 PSYCHOL. REv. 4 (1995); B. Keith Payne, Prejudice and Perception: The Role of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Misperceiving a Weapon, 81 J. PERSONALITY & Soc. PSYCHOL. 181 (2001); Laurie A. Rudman & Richard D. Ashmore, Discrimination and the Implicit Association Test, 10 GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP REL. 359 (2007). 2 See, e.g., John T. Jost et al., A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo, 25 POL. PSYCHOL. 881 (2004); Brian A. Nosek et al., Pervasiveness and Correlates of Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes, 18 EUR. REv. Soc. PSYCHOL. 1, 5-7 (2007).

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