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25 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 499 (2015-2016)
A Duty to Protect: Why Gun-Free Zones Create a Special Relationship between the Government and Victims of School Shootings

handle is hein.journals/cjlpp25 and id is 515 raw text is: NOTE A DUTY TO PROTECT: WHY GUN-FREE ZONES CREATE A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND VICTIMS OF SCHOOL SHOOTINGS Carl Rizzi* INTRODUCTION ......... .................................... 500 I. HOW THE PUBLIC DUTY DOCTRINE WORKS .............. 502 A. History and Operation of the Doctrine in Common Law Cases.................................. 502 B. Comparison to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Claims ........... 504 C. Interaction with Qualified and Sovereign Immunity Doctrines .................................. 506 1. Qualified Immunity .......................... 506 2. Sovereign Immunity ......................... 507 II. WHY COURTS SHOULD PRESUME A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP TO PROTECT AGAINST VIOLENT CRIMINAL ACTS IN GUN- FREE ZONES ...................................... 509 A. Cases in the Aftermath of Columbine .............. 509 B. Courts Should Presume that a Duty to Protect Civilians Exists Within Gun-Free Zones ........... 512 1. Special Relationship Test ..................... 513 a. Justifiable Reliance...................... 514 b. Direct and Continuing Contact.............. 515 c. Extending Special Relationship to Officers .. 517 2. Other Factors .............................. 518 a. Foreseeability ........................... 519 b. Social Utility of Defendants' Conduct ....... 519 c. Magnitude of Burden and Practical Consequences of Imposing a Duty .......... 521 I. WHY LEGISLATURES SHOULD IMPOSE A DUTY AND WAIVE IMMUNITY ........................................ 523 * Candidate for J.D., Cornell Law School, 2016. 1 owe thanks to Professor Michael Dorf and to the students in his Fall 2014 Legal Scholarship seminar for their thoughtful com- ments on this work. Thanks also to Maria Gaige, Jeffrey Ng, and all the other members of the Cornell Journal of Law & Public Policy who helped prepare this Note for publication. 499

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