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126 Harv. L. Rev. 411 (2012-2013)
Historical Gloss and the Separation of Powers

handle is hein.journals/hlr126 and id is 421 raw text is: VOLUME 126 DECEMBER 2012 NUMBER 2 HARVARD LAW REVIEW 0 2012 by The Harvard Law Review Association ARTICLES HISTORICAL GLOSS AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS Curtis A. Bradley and Trevor W Morrison CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................412 . HISTORICAL PRACTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION......................417 A. Prevalence of the Historical Gloss Argument ...............................................................417 B. Constitutional Theory and Judicial Review.................................................................424 1. Constitutional Theory.................................................................................................424 2. Judicial Review ............................................................................................................428 3. The Importance of Ambiguity............................................................................430 II. INSTITUTIONAL ACQUIESCENCE ...........................................................................432 A. The Meaning and Value of Acquiescence..................................................433 i. Acquiescence as Agreement .......................................................................................433 2. Acquiescence as Waiver..............................................................................................435 3. Acquiescence and the Limits of Judicial Review ....................................................436 B. The Madisonian Paradigm and Its Problems ..............................................................438 1. Structural Impediments to Congressional Action ...................................................440 2. Political Asymmetries Between Congress and the Presidency..............................441 3. Modern Congressional-Executive Relations............................................................444 III. REASSESSING HISTORICAL GLOSS .................................................................................447 A. Implications for Acquiescence Arguments.................................................................448 r. Legislative Acquiescence ............................................................................................448 2. Executive Acquiescence..............................................................................................452 B. Historical Practice Without Acquiescence ...................................................................455 r. Burkean Values and Principled Decisionmaking....................................................455 2. The Legitimacy of Law and the Role of the Courts ..............................................456 3. Internal Reliance by the Executive Branch.............................................................457 IV . C A SE ST U D IE S .......................................................................................................................461 A. War Powers ....................................................................................................................... 461 B. Congressional-Executive Agreements............................................................................468 C. R em oval of E xecutive Officers........................................................................................476 C O N C L U SIO N ...................................................................................................................... ..... -485 411

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