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11 Am. J. Police 37 (1992)
Police Officer Higher Education, Citizen Complaints and Departmental Rule Violations

handle is hein.journals/ajpol11 and id is 123 raw text is: American Journal of Police Vol. 11, No. 2 1992 37 POLICE OFFICER HIGHER EDUCATION, CITIZEN COMPLAINTS AND DEPARTMENTAL RULE VIOLATIONS Victor E. Kappeler Eastern Kentucky University Allen D. Sapp Central Missouri State University David L. Carter Michigan State University The debate on the value of higher education for police officers continues to be one of the more persistent and pervasive issues in policing (Carter & Sapp, 1989, 1990a, 1990b; Carter, Sapp & Stephens, 1988, 1989; Goldstein, 1977, 1990; Worden, 1990). The arguments generally center on issues of professionalism and performance. Although there are several different interpretations of what constitutes a professional police officer (see Hayeslip, 1989; Blumberg & Nieder- hoffer, 1985; Geller, 1986; Greene, Bynum & Webb, 1984; Radelet, 1986; Regoli & Miracle, 1980; Sapp, 1978), there appears to be a con- sensus about the need for professionalism in policing. The issue of performance is more difficult to define and to mea- sure (Carter, 1990; Roberg, 1978; Schick, 1978; Swanson, 1977; Wor- den, 1990; Wycoff & Susmilch, 1979). Police performance can be de- fined in many ways and there is no agreed-upon definition. The defini- tional problem has most often been studied from an inferential ap- proach in which performance is inferred from other factors that can be measured. Although specification of police performance variables is difficult, the research literature is replete with examples of different measures of performance. Researchers have attempted to measure per-

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