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2 Pakistan J.L. Analysis & Wisdom 295 (2023)
Family Pressure, Social Media Influence, and COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Students at Higher Education in Pakistan

handle is hein.journals/pknjlolw2 and id is 2066 raw text is: Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom Volume No. 2, Issue No. 3, December 2023 e-ISSN: 2959-0825, p-ISSN: 2959-0817 http://iiaw£ofmlpk Family Pressure, Social Media Influence, and COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Students at Higher Education in Pakistan Muhammad Shoaib Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan (Corresponding Author) shoaji oc@1ogedu k Abeel Naseer Junior Clinical Fellow, Lister Hospital East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom abeelniaseer@ nhsgnet Naila Naseer Assistant Professor, Distance, Non-Formal and Continuing Education Department, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan naila~nasecr@aiou~edu~pk Abstract This article has been designed to examine the COVID-19 pandemic vaccination hesitancy among students at higher education institutions in Pakistan. The COVID-19 vaccination has been declared mandatory with the reopening of higher educational institutions and students feel hesitation based on multiple factors. This study has used a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional survey has been conducted. A sample of university students in the BS (4 Years) program has been sampled through a proportionate random sampling technique and 4178 students participated. Structural Equational Modelling (SEM) technique has been used to test the model. The study findings conclude that students have to face pressure from university and family for COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, side effects and prefer natural immunity have also been added to COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among university students. Resultantly, social media also spread fake news regarding the side effects of vaccination in the future among students. Summing up the argument, COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among university students has been based on multiple interlinked factors i.e., university pressure, family pressure, future fear, side effects, prefer natural immunity, and social media influence. Keywords: Side Effects, Natural Immunity, Family Pressure, Fear of Infection, Vaccination Hesitancy, COVID-19 Outbreak. 1. Introduction In late 2019 cases of unusual and atypical pneumonia were reported in Wuhan, China (Shoaib & Abdullah, 2020). The cases were clustered in a food market and were assumed to have a single origin (Abdullah & Shoaib, 2021). In the beginning, the cause of the pneumonia was not known. It was assumed that the most probably the disease has a viral origin. After further study and genetic analysis, it was proved that this disease is indeed caused by viruses and further evaluation proved that the disease is caused by a novel coronavirus 19. COVID 19 was the name given to the disease by WHO (2020c). The virus is also named SARS-CoV 19. It has very high infectivity potential 295

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