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21 Criminology, Crim. Just. L & Soc'y 1 (2020)
Police, Public and Community Violence: Exploring the Relationships between Use of Deadly Force, Law Enforcement Killed, and Homicide Rates in the United States

handle is hein.journals/wescrim21 and id is 100 raw text is: VOLUME 21, ISSUE 2, PAGES 1 -20 (2020) Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society E-ISSN 2332-886X Available online at https://scholasticahg.com/criminology-criminal-justice-law-societv/ Police, Public and Community Violence: Exploring the Relationships Between Use of Deadly Force, Law Enforcement Killed, and Homicide Rates in the United States William S. Parkin,a Vladimir Bejan,b Matthew J. HickmanC a Seattle University b Seattle University C Seattle University ABSTRACT AND ARTICLE INFORMATION This research utilizes a structural vector-autoregression that analyzes the intertemporal relationship between the number of use of deadly force incidents, number of law enforcement officers killed, and the national homicide rate in the United States. The analysis finds support for two hypotheses: (1) Unexpected increases in law enforcement killed are associated with increases in homicide rates in future months; and (2) Unexpected increases in homicide rates are associated with increases in the number of law enforcement officers killed in future months. Unexpected spikes in law enforcement killed may signal a general weakening of the police as a formal mechanism of social control, leading to increased rates of fatal violence. On the other hand, a shock to the homicide rate associated with an increase in the number of law enforcement officers killed might be explained by a shift in national-level structural factors that increase the likelihood of fatal violence, which eventually includes the murder of officers. Article History: Keywords: Received May 2d, 2019 Received in revised form March 5th, 2020 Accepted March 8th 2020 deadly use of force, law enforcement killed, homicide rates, vector-autoregression © 2020 Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. All rights reserved. Corresponding author: William S. Parkin, Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. Email: parkinw@seattleu.edu CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, LAW & SOCIETY

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