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17 U.S.F. Mar. L.J. 207 (2004-2005)
NVOCC: Secret Agent

handle is hein.journals/usfm17 and id is 213 raw text is: NVOCC: Secret Agent? BYANDREW D. KEHAGIARAS* I. IN TROD UCTION .................................................................................................. 208 II. OCEAN TRANSPORTATION INTERMEDIARIES .................................................... 209 A . N V O C C s ..................................................................................................... 209 B . O cean Freight Forw arders ........................................................................... 212 III. THE NVOCC-AGENCY ISSUE IN FEDERAL CASE LAW .................................... 214 A . The Second C ircuit ...................................................................................... 214 B . T he First C ircuit ......................................................................................... 220 C . The N inth C ircuit ......................................................................................... 221 D . The E leventh C ircuit ................................................................................... 225 IV. KIRBY v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN .................................................................. 227 A . Factual B ackground .................................................................................... 227 B. The Eleventh Circuit's Analysis .................................................................. 228 C . A nalysis of K irby ........................................................................................ 230 1. ICC the Freight Forw arder ................................................................... 230 2. Principal or A gent? .................................................................................. 237 V . C O N CLU SIO N .................................................................................................... 238 AUTHOR'S NOTE: I completed this article in October 2004, in anticipation of the Kirby decision, and in time for the 2004 Pacific Admiralty Seminar. One month later, the Supreme Court decided Kirby.' For my reaction to that decision and its rationale, see Andrew D. Kehagiaras, Kirby v. Norfolk Southern: The Salty Train Wreck, 2 Benedict's Maritime Bulletin 305 (2004). * Mr. Kehagiaras is an associate with the Los Angeles law firm Countryman & McDaniel. He received his J.D. from Wayne State University Law School in 1997, and his LL.M. in Admiralty and Maritime Law from Tulane University School of Law in 1998. Mr. Kehagiaras is admitted to the State Bar of California and the State Bar of Michigan. Mr. Kehagiaras thanks Michael S. McDaniel, Byron E. Countryman, an6 Cameron W. Roberts for .hei tho ghls, ana'xy~s, nnd inspiration. 1. James N. Kirby, Pty Ltd. v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 300 F.3d 1300, 2002 AMC 2113 (11 th Cir. 2002), cert. granted, 157 L. Ed. 2d 811, 124 S. Ct. 2926 (2004),

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