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28 Technium Soc. Sci. J. 135 (2022)
Breathing: A Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The Role of Mobile Apps

handle is hein.journals/techssj28 and id is 135 raw text is: Technium Social Sciences Journal Vol. 28, 135-158, February, 2022 ISSN: 2668-7798 SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL wwtechniumscience.com Breathing: a Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The role of Mobile Apps Athanasios Drigasi, Eleni Mitsea 'Net Media Lab Mind - Brain R&D IIT - N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, Greece, 2University of the Aegean and Communication Systems Engineering Department, Samos, Greece dr@iit.demokritos.gr, e.mitsea@gmail.com Abstract. Breathing, although unconscious and often overlooked, is a central aspect of our whole being and one of our most vital functions. This review paper aims at investigating the physiological as well as the neuropsychological benefits of breathing training techniques. In addition, we examine the effectiveness of mobile breathing applications in upgrading human health and wellness. Finally, we discuss the role of metacognition in breathing, as the only means people have to gain awareness of the profound powers of breath and take conscious control of their health. Keywords. breath-control practices, physiological & neuropsychological effects, awareness of breath, metacognition in breathing, attention to breathing, altered states of consciousness, regulation of breathing, regeneration, DNA restoration, anti-inflammatory status, longevity, (gameful) breathing apps, wearable mobile applications 1.1 Introduction The human can live weeks without food, days without water but only minutes without oxygen. Often unconscious and overlooked, breathing is a central aspect of our whole being and is one of our most vital functions (CliftonSmith & Rowley, 2011). Breathing serves the purpose of respiration. Respiration could be simply defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and the environment via the cyclic act of ventilation. This cyclic exchange of gasses is responsible for maintaining tissue oxygenation and promoting a balanced state inside the body, also known as homeostasis (Jelincid, Van Diest, Torta & von Leupoldt, 2021). Oxygen is critical for proper metabolism on a cellular level, while carbon dioxide is crucial for achieving adequate pH levels (Brinkman, Toro & Sharma, 2020). Ventilation mostly occurs automatically in a continuous rhythmic pattern without any conscious effort. It is controlled by both neural and chemical inputs and is concerned with the homeostasis of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as having a role in the acid-base balance (Davies & Misra, 2014). In this process, several mechanisms are involved to ensure a rigorous balance between supply and demand (Brinkman, Toro & Sharma, 2020). Breathing patterns reflect the functioning of the respiratory system and the biomechanical system as well as the cognitive state (CliftonSmith & Rowley, 2011). 135

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