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32 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 149 (1994)
Jean Monnet and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union

handle is hein.journals/jcmks32 and id is 149 raw text is: Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 32, No. 2 June 1994 Jean Monnet and the 'Democratic Deficit' in the European Union KEVIN FEATHERSTONE* University of Bradford 1. Introduction How is the European Union (EU) to respond to the challenge to its legitimacy posed by the difficulties in ratifying the Maastricht Treaty? Since the Danish referendum of June 1992 rejected the Treaty, the European Community ('EC' is preferred here) has been bedevilled by confusion and a loss of faith.' There has been a widespread backlash by political leaders and mass publics against how the EC is currently run and concern as to how it might develop in the future. A major focus of attention - in some instances, the primary focus - has been on the perceived 'distance' between 'Brussels' and the ordinary citizen. The EC Commission has been seen to be out of touch, meddling in matters beyond its legitimate concern, and wielding power over and above its assumed bureaucrat- ic remit. The pre-Maastricht Treaty comment of Bogdanor and Woodcock still seems to hold true: 'the shortcomings of the Community lie in the feelings of *This is a revised version of a paper delivered to the Political Studies Association Conference, April 1992, at the University of Leicester. The author would like to express his gratitude to David Bell, Simon Bulmer, Kenneth Dyson, John Gaffney, John Pinder, Willie Paterson, and an anonymous reviewer of this journal for their helpful comments and suggestions. Any errors that remain are the responsibility of the author. ' In June 1992, 50.7 per cent voted against ratification in Denmark. A few weeks later, the Irish referendum resulted in 69 per cent voting in favour of ratification. In September 51.05 percent in France voted in favour of ratification. In May 1993, a second Danish referendum voted 56.7 per cent in favour of ratification, following special arrangements agreed at the December 1992 Edinburgh European Council. C Basil Blackwell Lid 1994, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 UF, UK and 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

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