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21 Cardozo L. Rev. 253 (1999-2000)
Affirmative Action: An International Human Rights Dialogue

handle is hein.journals/cdozo21 and id is 267 raw text is: FIFTY-FIRST CARDOZO MEMORIAL LECTURE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: AN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DIALOGUE Ruth Bader Ginsburg* & Deborah Jones Merritt** The fifty-first Cardozo Memorial Lecture, delivered in memory of Benjamin N. Cardozo at the House of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York on February 11, 1999.' INTRODUcTION December 10, 1998 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. I thought it appropriate, in recognition of that anniversary, to select for this lecture a subject that touches and concerns main themes of the Universal Declaration. My topic is affirmative action, as anchored in the Universal Declaration, as the idea unfolded in the United States, and as the concept is employed elsewhere in the world. This Association's members, in the 1990s, have renewed endeavors to act affirmatively, as counseled by the Committee to Enhance Diversity in the Profession and affiliated committees. The Association's ongoing efforts are trained on trying issues-the retention and promotion, by law firms and corporate legal departments, of minority and female lawyers.' Affirmative action * Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States. ** John D. Drinko-Baker & Hostetler Chair, The Ohio State University College of Law. The authors acknowledge with appreciation the thoughtful review and assistance of Justice Ginsburg's 1998 Term law clerk, William Savitt. t This Lecture was reprinted with permission from the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and has not been altered except to conform citations generally to The Bluebook. See THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (16th ed. 1996). 1 In addition to monitoring the progress of minority and female attorneys, and setting goals for that progress, the Association has commissioned significant scholarship in this field. See Cynthia Fuchs Epstein et al., Glass Ceilings and Open Doors: Women's Advancement in the Legal Profession, 64 FORDHAM L. REV. 291 (1995) (report to the Committee on Women in the Profession, The Association of the Bar of the City of New York); Responses to Glass Ceilings and Open Doors: Women's Advancement in the Legal Profession, 65 FORDHAM L. REV. 561 (1996) (collection of essays responding to Epstein's

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