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104 Foreign Aff. 110 (2025)
Iran's Dangerous Desperation: What Comes after the 12-Day War

handle is hein.journals/fora104 and id is 951 raw text is: Iran's Dangerous Desperation What Comes After the 12-Day War SUZANNE MALONEY Rarely in modern history has a military offensive been as loudly and persistently foreshadowed as the June 2025 Israeli and American strikes on Iran's nuclear program. For more than three decades, leaders in Tel Aviv and Washington have issued stark warnings about the Islamic Republic's nuclear ambitions and activ- ities, and five American presidents have pledged to prevent Tehran from crossing the threshold of nuclear weapons capability. Despite this forewarning and the signals of imminent preparations, Israel's initial attack on Iran's nuclear infrastructure-capped by a brief but decisive U.S. intervention-still shocked Tehran and much of the world. The element of surprise helped facilitate the stunning success of the operation, which briskly decapitated Iran's military leadership, secured Israeli air superiority over Iranian territory, blunted Iran's SUZANNE MALONEY is Vice President of the Brookings Institution and Director of its Foreign Policy program. She served as an external adviser to the U.S. State Department's Undersecretary for Political Affairs in the Obama administration and as a member of the U.S. Secretary of State's Policy Planning Staff in the George W. Bush administration. FOREIGN AFFAIRS 110

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