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32 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol'y 293 (2010)
The National Environmental Policy Act: A Review of Its Experience and Problems

handle is hein.journals/wajlp32 and id is 295 raw text is: The National Environmental Policy Act:
A Review of Its Experience and Problems
Daniel R. Mandelker*
INTRODUCTION
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Magna
Carta of environmental law, requires all federal agencies to evaluate
the environmental impacts of their actions, a duty that extends to
state, local, and private entities when a federal link is present. Though
followed by legislation that enacted massive duties to protect air,
water, and other natural resources, NEPA remains a critical
environmental law. This Article looks at major elements in NEPA's
implementation and the major contributions NEPA has made to
environmental analysis. It reviews strengths and weaknesses and
suggests where improvement can occur as NEPA moves forward as a
protector of environmental values. The Article's focus is on
encouraging agencies to take a wider view of the environmental
impacts they consider in a decision making process that is less
confining than the process now in place.
Part I begins the analysis by reviewing NEPA's record as an
environmental statute, noting achievements the statute has attained
and criticisms it has attracted. Part II reviews the NEPA decision
making process, assessing whether it has been effective as a means of
carrying out NEPA's environmental mandate. Part III considers how
NEPA applies to agency projects as compared with agency plans and
programs, and how NEPA's effectiveness differs in these two
settings. Part 1V considers the heart of the environmental impact
statement, the duty to consider alternatives to a proposed action, and
how the courts have interpreted this requirement. Part V examines
* Stamper Professor of Law, Washington University in St. Louis.

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