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27 Envtl. Pol'y & L. 354 (1997)
Le Paysage en Droit Compare et en Droit International

handle is hein.journals/envpola27 and id is 354 raw text is: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAw, 27/4 (1997) diversity could also be made the subject of particular trea- ties, global or regional, in some cases perhaps as proto- cols to the biodiversity convention. One possible case could be the regulation of the introduction of alien species into the natural environment, now prohibited or regulated by many treaties but which requires much more detailed provisions and control instruments if is to be effective. Accidental introductions of alien marine organisms through the ballast waters of ships could and probably will in the not too distant future be the subject of a global treaty under the auspices of the International Maritime Organisation. For processes that have international con- sequences it could be possible to imagine an international permitting system, and international EIAs. Another possible field for international action could be the making of guidelines for the management of particular processes with a view to harmonising national measures. The impetus for the management of processes causing significant damage to biological diversity should as much as possible come from scientific bodies or from the rele- vant international trade or professional associations or organisations. As an example, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, an international advisory governmental organisation established by treaty in 1902, has adopted guidelines on the introduction of alien spe- cies into the marine environment. International trade or professional associations could be approached with a view to developing their awareness of the importance of a particular problem in their field of competence and enlisting their assistance in carrying out research work and in seeking mutually satisfactory solutions. Codes of conduct or guidelines, issued by these organisations, for the purpose of minimizing or mitigating the effects of threatening processes, may be easier to accept by their national members than regulatory measures. As an example, the electrocution of large birds, in particular birds of prey, on high voltage power lines is a world wide process. The impetus for necessary research work to develop suitable mitigation methods should therefore come from the specialised international organi- sation, in the case in point the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, of which all large electricity companies are members. Other bodies the assistance of which could be sought to promote awareness among their members and to develop accept- able process management tools could be, for instance, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Interna- tional Federation of Agricultural Producers and the World Forestry Congress. O (For discussion see page 370) Le Paysage en Droit Compare et en Droit International' par Michel Prieur* Le paysage 6tait jusqu'alors li 1'esth6tique et A la beaute. II 6tait appr6hend6 par les pobtes et les peintres sous l'influence de l'6cole italienne. GrAce A 1'environne- ment, le paysage est devenu un objet de droit. Ddsormais le paysage fait partie des d6finitions de l'environnement gdndralement accept6es en droit compard et en droit inter- national, oi il figure comme un des 616ments constitutifs de l'environnement h c6t6 de l'eau, de l'air, du sol, de la faune et de la flore. Mais c'est un 616ment particulibre- ment complexe puisqu'il est le r6sultat d'une double approche: objective et subjective. Le paysage est d'abord au plan physique et g6ographique une portion de territoire ou un espace particulier constitu6 d'616ments naturels, mais c'est aussi la vision et la perception que l'homme a de cet espace, 6tant entendu que cet espace regard6 par l'homme est lui-m~me le reflet de l'histoire, de la culture et des diverses activit6s humaines qui se sont d6roul6es sur cette portion du territoire. Ainsi, le paysage est-il n6cessairement l'expression d'une approche A la fois cul- turelle et naturelle de l'environnement. La juridicisation du paysage va devenir une illustra- tion importante de l'int6gration de l'environnement dans * Doyen honoraire de la Facult6 de droit et des sciences 6conomiques de Limo- ges; Directeur du CRIDEAU-CNRS; Directeur de la Revue Juridique de 'Environnement et de la Revue Europ6enne de Droit de l'Environnement les autres politiques, car toutes les actions humaines en matibre agricole, urbaine ou industrielle vont affecter le paysage. D6sormais le paysage devient une valeur A prendre en compte dans tous les types d'espaces (ruraux ou urbains). La protection et l'amdnagement ne visent plus uniquement comme autrefois les seuls espaces remarquables ou d'une beaut6 exceptionnelle, mais toutes les cat6gories de paysages m~me les plus ordi- naires. Cette attention nouvelle aux paysages ordinaires et quotidiens conforte le paysage comme 616ment dura- ble du cadre de vie. Il est int6ressant de relever l'origine historique de la mention expresse du paysage comme expression d'un souci du l6gislateur dans certains pays. C'est au Danemark qu'on trouve la plus ancienne r6f6rence l6gislative au paysage avec une loi de 1805 sur le partage des forets communes. Le premier texte 16gislatif frangais qui vise le pay- sage date de 1906, il prdvoit que des arrit6s devraient prendre en compte la protection du paysage pour la dis- tribution de l'6nergie (art. 19 loi du 15 juin 1906 sur la distribution d'6nergie). De mme depuis 1919, les cah- iers des charges des entreprises hydrauliques doivent assurer la protection des paysages (art. 10.2 loi du 16 octobre 1919 relative A l'utilisation de l'6nergie hydraulique). 3 0378-777X/97/$12.00 @ 1997 IOS Press 354

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