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24 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 1 (1996-1997)
Behind the Locked Door of an American Grand Jury: Its History, Its Secrecy, and Its Process

handle is hein.journals/flsulr24 and id is 17 raw text is: BEHIND THE LOCKED DOOR OF AN AMERICAN GRAND JURY: ITS HISTORY, ITS SECRECY, AND ITS PROCESS MARK KADISH* I. INTRODU CTIO N ................................................................................... . . ......... 1 I. THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH AND COLONIAL GRAND JURIES ....................... 5 A. The Grand Jury in England ...................................................................... 5 B. The Grand Jury in Colonial America ....................................................... 9 III. THE ROLE OF GRAND JURY SECRECY .............................................................. 12 A. The Beginnings of Grand Jury Secrecy ...................................................... 12 B. Grand Jury Secrecy in Early American Jurisprudence ............................ 16 IV. 1946 CODIFICATION OF THE FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE .......... 23 V. INTERPRETATIONS OF THE 1946 SECRECY RULE ............................................... 29 VI. PROCTER & GAMBLE: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY ................................................ 34 VII. EMERGING CONCERNS OVER ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY ACCESS TO GRAND JURY M ATERIALS ............................................................................................... 40 VIII. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION .................................................................................. 45 A . The 1977A m endm ent ................ ................................. .......................... 45 B. 1981 Am endm ent Proposal ........................................................................ . 51 IX. SELLS AND BAGGOT .......................................................................................... 53 A. United States v. Sells Engineering, Inc .................................................. 53 B . U nited States v. Baggot ............................................................................. 60 X. 1985 AMENDMENT TO RULE 6(E) ........................................................................ 62 XI. UNITED STATES V. JOHN DOE, INC ................................................................... 65 XII. GRAND JURY SECRECY AFrER DOE ................................................................... 70 XIII. THE MARYLAND & VIRGINIA MILK PROD UCERS ASS'N SOLUTION ..................... 73 X IV . CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 74 I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of our Constitution is to create a government that protects people from each other.' The purpose of our Bill of Rights is to protect each of us from our government.2 Fundamental in any ordered system of government is an understanding that the people have the right to be free from crime. But, even more im- portant, the people have a right to be free from a government that takes life, liberty, and property without due process of law. * Associate Professor of Law, Georgia State University. B.A., Lafayette College, 1964; LL.B., New York University, 1967. I am indebted to my colleagues Professor Kath- ryn Urbonya and Associate Professor Ellen Podgor for their insightful comments A spe- cial thanks goes to my research assistants Rhonda Byers and Paul Vignos for their com- mitment to this project. 1. See generally THOMAS HOBBES, LEVIATHAN (Cambridge Univ. Press 1991) (1651) (asserting that freedom requires relinquishment of power to avoid pitting each person against the other). 2. See e.g., Hugo L. Black, The Bill of Rights, 35 N.Y.U. L. REV. 865, 870-73 (1960); Loren A. Smith, Introduction To Symposium On Regulatory Takings, 46 S.C. L. REV. 525, 526 (1995) (stating that the very purpose of the Bill of Rights is to protect citizens from government).

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