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52 Emory L.J. 71 (2003)
International Intersectionality: A Theoretical and Pragmatic Exploration of Women's International Human Rights Violations

handle is hein.journals/emlj52 and id is 83 raw text is: INTERNATIONAL INTERSECTIONALITY: A THEORETICAL AND PRAGMATIC EXPLORATION OF WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS Johanna E. Bond* Essential difference allows those who rely on it to rest reassuringly on its gamut of fixed notions. Any mutation in identity, in essence, in regularity, and even in physical place poses a problem, if not a threat, in terms of classification and control. If you can't locate the other, how are you to locate yourself?' Ardent identity politics dominate the world stage. As Afghanistan struggles to overcome Taliban rule, the international community attempts to help rebuild a nation torn apart by violent ethnic clashes.2 Recent eruptions of violence between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority in the Indian state of Gujarat have focused international attention on communal conflicts in the region.3 In both cases, and many more like them, women's bodies become * Visiting Associate Professor of Law and Assistant Director, International Women's Human Rights Clinic, Georgetown University Law Center. LL.M. Georgetown University Law Center; M.A. University of Minnesota; J.D. University of Minnesota. I am deeply indebted to Vanessa Brocato, Elizabeth Bruch, Deborah Epstein, J.D. King, Lisa Kois, Mary Hartnett, and Wendy Webster Williams for their insightful comments on earlier versions of this Article. I am also grateful for the superb research assistance of Anne Daugherty-Leiter, Nicole Smith, and Rachel Vogelstein, without whom this Article would not have been possible. Marci Hoffman, Georgetown's International and Foreign Law Librarian, also provided invaluable research assistance. A Georgetown University Law Center faculty research and writing grant supported the development of this Article. 1 Trinh T. Minh-ha, No Master Territories, in THE POST-COLONIAL STUDIES READER 217 (Bill Ashcroft et al. eds., 1995) (citing TRINH T. MINH-HA, WHEN THE MOON WAXES RED: REPRESENTATION, GENDER AND CULTURAL POLITICS (1991)). 2 See, e.g., HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH BRIEFING PAPER, TAKING COVER: WOMEN IN POST-TALIBAN AFGHANISTAN (May 2002), available at http://hrw.org/backgrounder/wrd/afghan-women-2k2.pdf. 3 Indian government officials have acknowledged that since February 27, 2002, more than 850 people have been killed in communal violence in the state of Gujarat, most of them Muslims. Unofficial estimates put the death toll as high as 2,000.... The attacks against Muslims in Gujarat have been actively supported by state government officials and by the police. Smita Narula, We Have No Orders to Save You : State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Apr. 2002, at 4, available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/ gujarat.pdf.

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