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41 Soc. Change 1 (2011)

handle is hein.journals/sclcnge41 and id is 1 raw text is: Article Synthesising the Social Chang Gandhi-Ambedkar- © CSD 2011 SAGE Publications Nara anag ru-Los Angeles, London, Narayanaguru- °A New Delhi, Singapore, Marx Visions for Washington DC D OI: 10.1177/004908571104 100 101 Dalit Liberation* http://socialchange.sagepub.com $SAGE P.S. Krishnan Former Secretary, Government of India pslkrishnan63@yahoo.com Abstract This article suggests how the Gandhi-Ambedkar-Narayanaguru-Marx visions can be synthesised in support of the movement for the liberation and empowerment of India's dalits. It brings out the beginnings and evolution of Gandhji's sensitivity and opposition to 'untouchability'. His perception of 'untouchability' was initially limited to 'touch-me-not-ism', but deepened after his contact with Narayanaguru and Narayanaguru-inspired movements and, most crucially, his contact and encounters with Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. The article traces the Gandhiji- Babasaheb divergences, the Yeravda convergence and their other interesting convergences, and the unfortunate post-Yeravda re-emergence of divergence. These divergences have been effectively resolved in the Constitution adopting the Ambedkarite approach of dalit development and empowerment. The stage has arrived when, instead of dwelling on past antagonisms, it will be productive to synthesise and utilise the visions of these two titans as well as Narayanaguru and Marx in understanding and furthering the supremely important project of liberating and empowering the oppressed masses of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Backward Classes (BCs) through specific and comprehensive economic, educational, social and protective programmes; a dalit-centred human rights project; and sensitisation and mobilisation of dalit and non-dalit civil society. The Centenary of the earliest work of Mahatma Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (Gandhi, 1938), which predates his recognition as 'Mahatma' is an appropriate occasion to *This article is based on the presentation made by the author at the International Seminar on the Centenary of Hind Swaraj held on 12-14 February 2009 by Council for Social Development at New Delhi. An expanded version of this article is under publication in the Proceedings of the International Seminar by the Council for Social Development.

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