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24 Hous. J. Health L. & Pol'y 1 (2025)

handle is hein.journals/hhpol24 and id is 1 raw text is: 





24(1) Hous. J. Health L. & Policy                                     1
Copyright © 2025 Seth J. Chandler
Houston Journal of Health Law & Policy








COMPARED TO WHAT?: TIHE PARAMOUNT

QUESTION IN THE REGULATION OF MEDICAL

AI

Seth J. Chandler, JD*



I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1
II. THE SYMPOSIUM  PIECES  .........................................................................20
III. PRIVACY, DATA INTEGRITY,  AND  FAIRNESS.........................................25
       A. Privacy ........................................................................................26
       B. Data Integrity..............................................................................56
       C. Fairness .......................................................................................61
IV. CONCLUSION.........................................................................................73




I. INTRODUCTION

    The  papers in this symposium   deal with crucial issues of privacy,
accuracy, and fairness the world will encounter as artificial intelligence
rockets through  its current adolescence1 to an adulthood that promises

* Foundation Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center. I express my
appreciation to GPT-4, Claudes 2 and 3, Google Gemini, Mixtral 8 x 7B and sev-
eral other AIs consulted during the research and drafting of this article. Humans
who helped include Professor Leah Fowler, University of Houston Law Center
and Dean Mary Anne  Bobinski, Emory University.
   1 It is sometimes difficult to realize how far we have come in just the past few years. The article,
   Attention is All You Need, that ignited the Large Language Model revolution was first pub-
   lished in 2017. Ashish Vaswani et al., Attention is All You Need, ARXIV (June 12, 2017),
   https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762. It showed the ability of a then-novel neural network ar-
   chitecture called the Transformer to emulate an understanding of language. GPT-2 - was
   released in February 2019. It implemented and trained a multi-headed transformer in a way
   that now seems somewhat primitive but was then thought to be so dangerous as to

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