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Essay
AT Tools for Lawyers: A Practical Guide
Daniel Schwarcz & Jonathan H. Choit
INTRODUCTION
New artificial intelligence tools like GPT-4, Bing Chat, and
Bard are poised to revolutionize the practice of law. Predictions
abound that these large language models (LLMs)1 will enable
lawyers to better perform myriad legal research and writing
tasks, such as drafting memos, briefs, contracts, and wills.2 Bet-
ting that these predictions will prove accurate, numerous entre-
preneurs are racing to develop new AI-assisted legal tools,3 law
t Daniel Schwarcz is the Fredrikson & Byron Professor of Law, at the
University of Minnesota Law School. Jonathan H. Choi is a Professor of Law at
the University of Southern California Gould School of Law. Please direct all
comments or suggestions to schwarcz@umn.edu. Copyright © 2023 by Daniel
Schwarcz & Jonathan H. Choi.
1. Large Language Models are often abbreviated as LLMs, a confusing ac-
ronym for many lawyers, who associate LLM with a master's degree from a
law school.
2. See, e.g., Ashley Binetti Armstrong, Who's Afraid of ChatGPT? An Ex-
amination of ChatGPT's Implications for Legal Writing (Jan. 26, 2023) (un-
published manuscript) (on file with authors), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstractid=4336929 [https://perma.cc/LVE7-2G49]; Stephanie
Wilkins, ChatGPT Is Impressive, But Can (and Should) It Be Used in Legal?,
LEGALTECH NEWS (Dec. 15, 2022), https://www.law.com/legaltechnews/2022/12/
15/chatgpt-is-impressive-but-can-and-should-it-be-used-in-legal/?slreturn=
20230223101453 [https://perma.cc/5QQM-QGUT] (describing early uses of
ChatGPT in the legal field); Zhongxiang Sun, A Short Survey of Viewing Large
Language Models in Legal Aspect (Mar. 17, 2023) (unpublished manuscript) (on
file with authors), https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.09136.pdf [https://perma.cc/466L
-SLVK]; W. Bradley Wendel, The Promise and Limitations of Artificial Intelli-
gence in the Practice of Law, 72 OKLA. L. REv. 21 (2019) (arguing that technology
is a long way from being able to design a computer system capable of satisfying
the demand for authority and accountability required of lawyers in a liberal
democratic political community).
3. To take just one of many examples, the firm Casetext recently launched
a product known as CoCounsel. According to the firm's promotional materials,
CoCounsel does document review, legal research memos, deposition
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