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81 Genus 1 (2025)

handle is hein.journals/genus81 and id is 1 raw text is: Genus Umansky etal. Genus (2025)81:1 https-//doi.org/10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Revisiting the role of education in attitudes toward immigration in different contexts in Europe Karen Umansky , Daniela Weber23 and Wolfgang Lutz3'4'5 *Correspondence: umanskyl @uni-potsdam.de Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14482 Potsdam, Germany 2 Health Economics and Policy Division,Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1020 Vienna, Austria I International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OeAW, University ofVienna), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 4 Department of Demography, University ofVienna, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OeAW, University ofVienna), 1010 Vienna, Austria 'Vienna nstitute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, eAW, Universty ofVienna), 1010 Vienna, Austria SpringerOpen Abstract Among the individual determinants of attitudes toward immigration, the liberalising role of education is well known those with higher levels of education tend to be more in favour of immigration. However, recent socioeconomic changes and idi- osyncratic differences between European countries prompt us to reassess the role of education, given these contextual differences. Does it still apply, and is it univer- sal? Moreover, does this relationship apply to both cultural and economic attitudes toward immigration? Using data from the European Social Survey, we analyse the role of education and socioeconomic changes in shaping economic and cultural attitudes toward immigration in 15 European countries over 16 years using a hierarchical model with cross-classified random effects. In our analysis, we distinguish between Eastern European and non-Eastern European countries. Our results indicate a robust positive and significant association between higher levels of education and more tolerant atti- tudes toward immigration in both aspects. However, they also reveal that the strength of this relationship varies between the two attitudes by context and region. For exam- ple, higher migrant inflow rates attenuate education's liberalising and empowering role in shaping cultural attitudes in non-Eastern European countries but are not significant in Eastern European countries.Thus, our findings contribute to the literature examining the role of context in the established relationship between education and immigration attitudes while providing insights into regional differences. Keywords: Immigration, Attitudes toward immigration, Education, European Social Survey, Europe Introduction The American writer and political activist Helen Keller once said that the highest result of education is tolerance (Keller, 1903: 44). Higher education is generally seen as a panacea for anti-immigration attitudes. Among the individual predictors of attitudes toward immigration, its positive association with liberal, pro-immigration attitudes and negative association with ethnic exclusion and national chauvinism has been so widely documented (Borgonovi & Pokropek, 2019; Ceobanu & Escandell, 2010; Coend- ers & Scheepers, 2003; Draianova et al., 2023; Hainmueller & Hiscox, 2007) that some even concede a so-called liberalising effect': The actual causality of the relationship is ©The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the mate- rial. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directlyfrom the copyright holder.To view a copyofthis licence, visit httpy/ creativecomrnons.org/Iicenses/by,'4.0/.

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