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Samantha Renshaw
The Artemis Accords
THE ARTEMIS ACCORDS: INTERPRETATION AND ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF
EXISTING LAW
I. INTRODUCTION
On October 13, 2020, eight countries signed the Artemis Accords (Accords).1 The
Accords are a recent development in the international legal regime governing space activities and
are the result of a coalition of states seeking to return to the Moon and make an eventual trek to
Mars. 2 The original eight Signatory States to the agreement are Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, and the United States.3 As of December 2022, Bahrain, Brazil, Colombia, France, Israel,
Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, and Ukraine are also members.4 NASA officials expressed excitement following the
initial signing, saying that Artemis will be the broadest and most diverse international human
space exploration program in history, and will allow the Signatory States to explore the Moon
while establishing vital principles that will create a safe, peaceful, and prosperous future in
space for all of humanity to enjoy.5
' Rep. of the U.S. to the U.N., Letter Dated 30 December 2020 from the Permanent Representative of the United
States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. A/75/699 (Jan. 7, 2021)
[hereinafter Artemis Accords].
2 NASA, The Artemis Accords, NASA, (last visited Aug. 2, 2021) https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
[hereinafter Artemis Plan] (The Program plans to send human explorers 250,000 miles to the Moon, then 140
million miles to Mars, a feat which requires a bold vision, effective program management, funding for modern
systems development and mission operations, and support from all corners of [the United States] as well as ...
partners from across the globe).
3 Artemis Accords, supra note 1, see annex.
4 Artemis Plan, supra note 2.
5 Press Release, Sean Potter, NASA, International Partners Advance Cooperation with First Signings of Artemis
Accords (Oct. 13, 2020) available at https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-international-partners-advance-
cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords.
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