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34 Const. Pol. Econ. 1 (2023)

handle is hein.journals/constpe34 and id is 1 raw text is: Constitutional Political Economy (2023) 34:1-35 https://doi.org/10.1007/si0602-021-09358-2 ORIGINAL PAPER On the structure of the political party system in Indian states, 1957-2018 J. Stephen Ferris' Bharatee Bhusana Dash2 Accepted: 13 December 2021 / Published online: 27 January 2022 @ The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract We develop and test an equilibrium model of party structure to account for the large and ever-changing number of political parties that contest Indian state elections. The analysis finds that the number of parties increases with the voting density of state constituencies, the heterogeneity of the state's electorate, state per capita income and literacy levels, falls with average age while responding to a set of constitutional and legislative rules designed to affect party and electoral performance. The model is also applied to entry and exit, allowing the empirics to highlight those factors that affect party turnover rather than aggregate party numbers. The model explains better the num- ber of parties than ENP, the effective (vote share weighted) number of parties, implying that the variability in the fringe of smaller parties has not substantially affected the vote shares received by the larger more established parties. Affirmative action, primarily in the form of increases in the proportion of seats reserved for members of special castes is associated with a reduction in both party numbers and ENP consistent with speeding the integration of scheduled castes into broader based political parties. Keywords Number of political parties - ENP - Indian states - Entry and exit of political parties - BIMAROU and Non-BIMAROU states - Fixed effects Poisson panel estimation JEL Classification D72 - D73 - P16 - H70 E J. Stephen Ferris steve.ferris@carleton.ca Bharatee Bhusana Dash bharatee.dash@gmail.com Department of Economics, Carleton University, Ottawa KiS 5B6, Canada 2 School of Economics, XIM University, Bhubaneswar, India 1 Springer

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