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15 Colum. J. Race & L. 1193 (2025)

handle is hein.journals/cjoral15 and id is 1 raw text is: COLUMBIAJOURNAL OF RACE AND LAW VOL. 15 May 2025 NO. 1 ARTICLE Jim Crow North and Fair Housing Enforcement' Charles S. Bullock, III2 Charles M. Lamb3 Abstract This article investigates how federal, state, and local government agencies enforce the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968 (also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) in Northeastern states, which are referred to here as the Jim Crow North. Focusing on data obtainedfrom the U.S. Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD) under the Freedom ofInformation Act (FOIA), this study measures the extent to which the thirteen Northeastern states from Maine to Virginia-decided Fair Housing Act complaints in favor of Black and Latinx Americansfrom 1989 to 2010. Part Ipresents a historical snapshot offair housing law andpolicy in the Jim Crow North. Part II examines the federal legal response to residential discrimination and segregation nationwide. Part III explains the theory and methodologyfor calculatingfavorable outcomes 1 We thank Kezia Otinkorang, Aileen McKinstry, Amanda Lu, and the Columbia Journal ofRace and Law team for their exceptional editorial assistance. Direct correspondence to Charles M. Lamb, clamb(d,buffalo.edu. Copyright 2025 Charles S. Bullock, III, and Charles M. Lamb. 2 Distinguished University Professor of Public and International Affairs. Richard B. Russell Chair in Political Science. Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor. University of Georgia. 3 Research Professor. Department of Political Science. University at Buffalo, SUNY. Former Equal Opportunity Specialist and Fair Housing Monitor, Office of Federal Civil Rights Enforcement, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

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