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26 Armed Forces & Soc'y 3 (1999-2000)

handle is hein.journals/amdfcsad26 and id is 1 raw text is: Fall 1999 ABSTRACTS Volume 26 A UNIFIED THEORY OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS 7 This article's thesis is that civil control of the military is managed and maintained through the sharing of responsibility for control between civilian leaders and military officers. Specifically, civil authorities are responsible and accountable for some aspects of control and military leaders are responsible and accountable for others. Although some responsi- bilities for control may merge, they are not fused. The relationship and arrangement of responsibilities are conditioned by a nationally evolved regime of principles, norms, rules, and expectations concerning civil-military relations. Although a regime may be stable for long periods, it can change as basic causal factors such as values, issues, interests, person- alities, and threats change. Alterations of rules and decision-making procedures account for the dynamic nature of civil-military relations, while alterations of norms and principles account for conflict in civil-military relations. Regime differences between states account for the particular national character of civil-military relations, much as like-minded regimes account for cross-cultural similarities in civil-military relations. BY DOUGLAS L. BLAND BLACK AMERICAN RADICALISM AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE SECRET FILES OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION 27 In 1986, the National Archives released previously classified material regarding U.S. Army surveillance of African-Americans from 1917 to 1941. The documents relate primarily to the First World War and the immediate post-war years. U.S. Army surveillance of Ameri- can citizens is not an especially startling revelation; however, what is remarkable is the fact that a principal officer charged with spying on blacks during the Great War was himself black and many prominent black public figures cooperated in the effort. This article exam- ines this largely unknown aspect of American history in terms of our understanding of the black experience, the legacy of racism in the larger society, and the intersection of both in the U.S. military. BY WRAY R. JOHNSON

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