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GAO-21-105354 1 (2021-09-23)

handle is hein.gao/gaomfe0001 and id is 1 raw text is: People of races and ethnicities other than non-Hispanic White make up an increasing proportion of the U.S. population. The percentage of the population representing such racial and ethnic groups grew from 36.3 percent in 2010 to a projected 42.2 percent in 2020, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Figure 1: Percentage of U.S. Population Representing Racial and Ethnic Groups in 2010 and 2020 Percentage 100 80 Non-Hispanic - White 60 population 40 SOther racial 20 4 4- and ethnic f groups 2010 2020 Source: GAO analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data. I GAO-21-105354 Over the past few years, federal agencies have taken various actions to help address disparities for racial and ethnic groups. Recognizing the need for additional efforts, executive orders signed in 2021 call for advances in racial equity throughout the federal government. This includes a goal to advance health equity-the opportunity for all persons to attain their best possible health-and the call for government agencies to identify and address the extent to which their work perpetuates barriers for various racial and ethnic groups. Figure 2: Examples of Health Disparities Experienced by Racial and Ethnic Groups COVID-19. Racial and ethnic disparities are reflected in available data on COVID-19 test positivity rates, cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccinations. Between March 2020 and June 2021, Hispanic or Latino persons and non-Hispanic Black persons were hospitalized due to COVID-19 at a rate 2.8 times more than non-Hispanic White persons, after adjusting for age. As of July 2021, American Indian/Alaska Native persons died of COVID-19 at a rate 2.4 times higher than White persons, i f when adjusting for age. (LAL-21-3Z) Maternal mortality. Women from various racial groups in rural and underserved communities have higher rates of maternal mortality and other adverse maternal health outcomes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data from 2011 through 2016 show that in the most rural counties, Black women experienced 59.3 deaths per 100,000 live N births, compared to 19.7 for White women in the same counties. CDC stated that these disparities also exist in urban areas. (LAL-1-83) Life expectancy and chronic health conditions. People from some racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of dying from preventable causes than other Americans. In 2018, the age-adjusted mortality rate for diabetes was higher among Black (47.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) and American Indian/Alaska Native (40.0) persons than White persons (24.8). Additionally, the rate for Hispanic or Latino persons was 31.4 deaths per 100,000 persons compared to the non-Hispanic or Latino rate of 26.8. S(G A O-71-593) Disparities among veterans. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has identified worse health care outcomes for some diseases among veterans from various racial groups, such as lower survival rates for Black veterans with cancer and cardiovascular-related illnesses than White veterans. (GAO-20-83) Source: GAO; Seventyfour, Blue Planet Studio, Andrey Popov/stock.adobe.com; and U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (photos). I GAO-21-105354 We've reported that various barriers such as discrimination, economic instability, and lack of health care access can contribute to health disparities. For example, implicit biases and misperceptions about people from various racial and ethnic groups, especially for Black women, can exacerbate disparities by race and ethnicity in access to care. Additionally, socioeconomic factors, such as being uninsured, are associated with greater risk for maternal mortality. GAO-21-105354 Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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