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1 1 (February 3, 2025)

handle is hein.crs/govesix0001 and id is 1 raw text is: lnforming the Iegisiative deba since 1914 February 3, 2025 U.S. Sanctions Policy in the 119th Congress: Recent Executive Actions and Legislative Implications Through a series of executive actions in January 2025, President Donald Trump has ordered changes to several U.S. sanctions programs. The 119th Congress may seek to influence future executive actions through legislation and oversight, as prior Congresses have. Recent Execu ve Act ons On January 20, President Trump issued executive order (E.O.) 14148, Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions, revoking several sanctions-related executive actions taken by President Joe Biden, including * E.O. 14022 of April 1, 2021, Termination of Emergency With Respect to the International Criminal Court; * E.O. 14115 of February 1, 2024, Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West Bank' * presidential memorandum of January 14, 2025, Certification of Rescission of Cuba's Designation as a State Sponsor of Terrorism; and * national security memorandum 29 (NSM-29) of January 14, 2025, Memorandum on the Revocation of National Security Presidential Memorandum 5 (NSPM-5) of January 16, 2017, Strengthening the Policy of the United States Toward Cuba. By executive order, President Trump also set in motion the process for designating certain entities as terrorist groups, including as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). On January 20, the President issued E.O. 14157, Designating Cartels and Other Organizations as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists. On January 22, the President issued E.O. 14175, Designation of Ansar Allah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization. On January 20, President Trump further directed executive branch reviews of certain U.S. immigration and trade policies through the presidential memorandum America First Trade Policy and executive orders, such as E.O. 14161, Protecting the United States from Foreign Terrorists and Other National Security and Public Safety Threats and E.O. 14159, Protecting the American People Against Invasion. The outcomes of these reviews may result in changes in the application of U.S. visa sanctions and the imposition of restrictive trade policies to advance U.S. foreign policy or national security interests, among other developments. On February 1, drawing on authorities pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA, P.L. 95-223; 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), President Trump issued three executive orders to impose tariffs, which were to be effective February 4, on Mexico, China, and Canada, saying that they were in response to the sustained influx into the United States of illegal aliens and illicit opioids (Mexico), synthetic opioids (China), and illicit opioids and other drugs (Canada). On February 3, President Trump and Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum agreed to delay tariffs in exchange for greater cooperation on counternarcotics and other matters. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also announced a pause on tariffs in exchange for enhanced counternarcotics measures. Other sanctions policy developments may emerge as the Trump Administration explores the scope and limits of sanctions in furtherance of its geostrategic or domestic policy objectives. Such developments could affect a wide range of countries, including U.S. adversaries and potentially also allies (e.g., Colombia, which President Biden designated as a Major Non-NATO Ally in 2022). U.S.-Colombia Relations and Sanctions On January 26, Colombian President Gustavo Petro refused to allow U.S. military aircraft transporting Colombian deportees to land in Colombia. President Trump reacted by announcing on social media that he had directed his Administration to take immediate urgent and decisive retaliatory measures, including tariffs, travel bans, and visa sanctions, including on Colombian government officials and their family members; enhanced inspections of in-bound Colombian nationals and cargo; and other banking and financial sanctions based on powers provided to the President pursuant to IEEPA. The two countries appeared to deescalate tensions by the end of the day, with Colombia agreeing to accept deportees and the White House announcing that the fully drafted IEEPA tariffs and sanctions will be held in reserve. However, U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio did render certain Colombian nationals ineligible for U.S. visas and admission, pursuant to Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA; 8 U.S.C. I 182(a)(3)(C)). According to a State Department press release, Measures will continue until Colombia meets its obligations to accept the return of its own citizens. Intia Sanctions rnplications and Related L.egiSation Executive actions in the first week of the Trump Administration indicate an evolving sanctions policy landscape. Congress has played a key role in shaping

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