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1 1 (December 16, 2024)

handle is hein.crs/goverso0001 and id is 1 raw text is: A4Congressional Research Seric Inform ung the egis Iative debate sin ce 1914 Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics Congress is considering a new farm bill because the 2018 and in farm bill (P.L. 115-334) and its one year extension (P.L. budge 118-22, Division B, §102) began expiring at the end of bill w FY2024 (CRS Report R47659, Expiration of the 2018 outlay Farm Bill and Extension for 2024). On May 23, 2024, the title. T House Committee on Agriculture ordered reported H.R. spendi 8467. On November 18, 2024, the Senate Agriculture was b Committee majority introduced S. 5335. reduct Farm Bills from a Budget Perspect ve Federal spending for agriculture is divided into two main CBO' categories-mandatory and discretionary spending: The c * Mandatory spending is authorized primarily for the score farm commodity programs, conservation, crop using insurance, and the nutrition assistance programs. A farm bill authorizes outlays for mandatory programs when the Farm law is enacted. accord * Discretionary appropriations are authorized for most fundin other programs, including rural development, research, estima and credit programs. Farm bills set program parameters. $662 Funding may be provided in appropriations acts. billion Some farm bill programs have received both types of For in funding. Discretionary appropriations are the primary exclud source for many programs, but mandatory spending usually of outl dominates the farm bill budget debate and is the focus here. Importance of Baseine to the Farm Bill(billion The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline is a projection at a particular point in time of what future federal mandatory spending would be under the assumption that current law continues. The baseline is the benchmark against which proposed changes in law are measured. When a bill is proposed that would affect mandatory spending, the score (cost impact) is measured in relation to the baseline. Changes that increase spending relative to the baseline have a positive score; those that decrease spending relative to the baseline have a negative score. Increases in a bill's total cost beyond the baseline may be subject to budget constraints, such as pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) rules. Reductions from the baseline may be used to offset costs for other provisions that have a positive score or used to reduce the federal deficit. The annual budget resolution determines whether a farm bill is held budget neutral or can increase or must decrease spending. Recent Farm BiIs Budget PostonsT Over the past two decades, farm bills have had both the 20 positive and negative scores relative to their baselines, progra according to CBO. The 2002 farm bill had a positive score one ye Updated December 16, 2024 creased spending by $73 billion over 10 years under a t resolution during a budget surplus. The 2008 farm as budget neutral, although it added $9 billion to s over 10 years by using offsets from a tax-related he 2014 farm bill had a negative score, reducing ng by $16 billion over 10 years. The 2018 farm bill udget neutral with increases in some titles offset by ions in others. In 2024, the House committee's bill, H.R. 8467, would increase the 10-year cost by $28 billion. s june 2024 Baseline urrent baseline used to score the bill is a June 2024 CBO baseline. CBO initially used the May 2023 baseline to H.R. 8467 but updated the score in November 2024 the newer baseline. bills have 5-year and 10-year budget projections ing to federal budgeting practices. Converting the baseline update for programs into farm bill titles and adding g indicated in law for other farm bill programs, CRS tes that the 2024 baseline for all farm bill titles is billion over 5 years (FY2025-FY2029) and $1,364 over 10 years (FY2025-FY2034) (Figure 1). dividual agricultural programs with baseline, ing nutrition, current projections are for $265 billion ays over the next 10 years (Figure 2). Figure I. Farm Bill Titles with Mandatory Baseline s of dollars, 10-year projected outlays, FY2025-FY2034) e: Created by CRS using the Congressional Budget Office June 2024 baseline for the five largest titles and amounts d in law for programs in other titles. sion of the Farm Bill in 2024 The one-year extension of the farm bill covers FY2024 and 24 crop year. It authorizes the continuation of ms with a mandatory spending baseline and provides ar of new mandatory funding for some programs that Commodities, $73 Crop insurance, $123 Conservation, $58 Nutition $t,099 Total: Mi , 0.8 $1,364billion Energy, $o.¶

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