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1 1 (November 18, 2024)

handle is hein.crs/goverif0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service informing the legislative debate since 1914 0 Updated November 18, 2024 U.S. Efforts to Manage Western Hemisphere Migration Flows In FY2024, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforcement encounters at the Southwest border totaled 2.1 million, the lowest total recorded since FY2021 but still above the levels recorded prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2023, pandemic-related border entry restrictions ended; those restrictions had enabled CBP to expel migrants from the United States under 42 U.S.C. §265 (referred to as Title 42) for public health reasons. Since then, CBP has placed those who are encountered into removal proceedings under Title 8 of the U.S. Code. Encounters rose from June to December 2023 but have fallen in 2024 due to Mexican enforcement efforts and new U.S. asylum restrictions implemented in June 2024. At least 89% of the migrants CPB encountered at the Southwest border in FY2024 originated in the Western Hemisphere (see Figure 1 for data on the top 10 Western Hemisphere countries of origin in FY2024 and comparisons with FY2023 and FY2022). Whereas the vast majority of migrants encountered over the past decade have originated from Mexico or Northern Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras), a slight majority of those encountered in FY2024 originated from other countries. More than 374,400 migrants traveled from South America through Panama's dangerous Dari6n Gap jungle in FY2024, according to Panamanian migration data. Figure I. U.S. Southwest Border Encounters (FY2024 Top 10 Western Hemisphere Countries of Origin) Figure is interactive in the HTML version of this In Focus. Mexico Venezuela Guatemala ---- Cuba n Honduras a===== FY24 Colombia w . FY23 Ecuador mn FY22 Haiti - E Salvador Peru a 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Number of Migrants (in thousands) Source: CRS, using U.S. Customs and Border Protection data. Notes: Beyond Western Hemisphere sources, in FY2024, the number of encounters from the People's Republic of China (PRC) slightly exceeded Peru, making the PRC the 10th-largest country of origin overall. The Biden Administration has launched foreign policy initiatives aimed at managing migration in the Western Hemisphere and has allocated foreign assistance funds to implement them. Congress is considering legislation and appropriations that could affect those policies while overseeing existing regional migration management efforts. U. .eg OnaI Miraton Management The Biden Administration's approach to regional migration challenges initially focused on Central America. In July 2021, pursuant to the United States-Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act (P.L. 116-260, Division FF, Subtitle F) and Executive Order 14010, the Administration released a U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America. The strategy's stated aim is to address socioeconomic, governance, and security challenges in the subregion. The Administration also created a Collaborative Migration Management Strategy to promote safe, orderly, and humane migration. The Administration subsequently broadened its engagement on migration issues beyond Central America to other countries in the Western Hemisphere in the context of increasingly diverse migrant flows (see Figure 1). In June 2022, the United States and 20 other Western Hemisphere countries signed the Los Angeles Declaration for Migration and Protection. The declaration recognizes migration management as a shared responsibility and seeks to bolster regional efforts to improve border controls, create legal migration and protection pathways, support migrants and host communities, and coordinate responses to mass migration. In addition to engaging with U.S. partners to ensure they uphold their Los Angeles Declaration commitments, the Administration has implemented the following measures. Foreign Assistance The Biden Administration has used foreign assistance in the Western Hemisphere, in part, to stem irregular migration toward the U.S. Southwest border. For example, in FY2022 and FY2023 (combined), the Administration allocated nearly $1.4 billion in bilateral and regional assistance to support the implementation of the root causes strategy in Central America. The Administration also obligated more than $1.1 billion in Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) for the Western Hemisphere over the course of FY2022 and FY2023. The Administration has used MRA funds to respond to the humanitarian needs of vulnerable populations in Central America and Mexico, as well as to support the economic and social integration of nearly 6.6 million Venezuelan migrants and refugees estimated to reside in other Latin American and Caribbean countries. The Administration also has provided MRA funds to UN agencies to create Safe Mobility Offices (SMOs) in the region. SMOs vet potential candidates for refugee

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