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1 1 (Updated September 30, 2024)

handle is hein.crs/goveqwr0001 and id is 1 raw text is: inform ng the Ieg sIathve debate aince 1914 The Philippines Overview and Recent DeveopmentsD The United States and the Republic of the Philippines in maintain a deep relationship that includes a bilateral P security alliance, extensive military cooperation, close gr people-to-people ties, and many shared strategic and re economic interests. U.S. administration of the Philippines w as a colonial territory (1898-1946), which followed 300 years of Spanish rule, shaped the relationship. Situated east Fi of the South China Sea and south of Taiwan, the Philippines has long played an important role in U.S. Asia policy as a close security and counterterrorism partner. The 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) requires the two countries to help defend each other against external armed attack. The Biden Administration made revitalizing U.S. alliances in Asia-including with the Philippines-a key pillar of its Indo-Pacific Strategy. Rising tensions between the Philippines and the People's Republic of China (PRC) over maritime claims are a potential regional flashpoint The United States is the Philippines' third-largest trading partner, after China and Japan, and its largest export market. The Philippines is one of 14 members of the Indo- Pacific Economic Framework Initiative, which the TI Administration launched in May 2022. Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. was elected president of the Philippines in 2022. Marcos's father, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., ruled the country from 1965 to 1986, including through martial law from 1972 until he was ousted by the 1986 People Power Revolution. Sara Duterte-Carpio, daughter of former President Rodrigo Duterte (in office 2016-2022), won the vice presidency. The Philippine constitution limits both the president and vice president, who are elected on separate tickets, to one six-year term. In 2024, Duterte- Carpio resigned from the Marcos cabinet, reflecting growing strains in their relationship. (The move does not affect her status as Vice-President.) During President Marcos's visit to Washington, DC, in May 2023, the two allies established new Bilateral Defense Guidelines, which aim to help modernize Philippine defense capabilities, deepen interoperability, enhance bilateral planning and information-sharing, and combat transnational and nonconventional threats. The guidelines appear to reinforce treaty obligations, stating that an armed attack anywhere in the South China Sea, on either party's armed forces-which includes both nations' Coast Guards-aircraft, or public vessels, would invoke mutual defense commitments under the MDT. Foreign Reations 2 Marcos has reaffirmed the importance of the U.S.- Philippines alliance and has strengthened security relations with Australia, Japan, Vietnam, and others. In April 2024, a U.S.-Japan-Philippines summit was held in Washington, Updated September 30, 2024 C, to promote trilateral cooperation in multiple areas, cluding security, infrastructure investment in the hilippines, joint technology development, and reducing eenhouse gas emissions. The Philippines signed ciprocal access agreements with Australia in 2022 and ith Japan in 2024. gure I. The Philippines at a Glance The Philippines is the largest recipient of U.S. military assistance in the East Asia-Pacific region, including Foreign Military Financing (FMF-$40 million in FY2024) and sistance under the Department of Defense's (DOD's) do-Pacific Maritime Security Initiative. At the U.S.- Philippines 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in July 2024, the U.S. overnment pledged to work with Congress to provide the hilippines with $500 million in FMF out of the FY2024 do-Pacific Security Supplemental Appropriations Act Division C of P.L. 118-50). H.R. 8771, a House-passed epartment of State, Foreign Operations, and Related ograms (SFOPS) appropriations bill for FY2025, would ovide $100 million in FMF for the Philippines (Section 043(g)). A Senate committee-reported version of the SFOPS bill would provide $70 million in FMF for the hilippines (S. 4797, Section 7043(h)). S. military and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) rsonnel conduct regular joint military exercises and aritime patrols, collaborate on counterterrorism, and carry ut humanitarian activities. In 2024, over 16,000 primarily U.S. and AFP soldiers participated in the Balikatan Shoulder-to-Shoulder) annual bilateral exercise in the Philippines. Smaller contingents of Australian and French oops also joined. For the first time, military drills focused on maritime security took place outside the Philippines' erritorial waters (12 nautical miles)-in the country's 00-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), hallenging China's claims in the South China Sea. 2014, the U.S. and Philippine governments signed the nhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), 22 years after the U.S. military withdrew from Clark Air Base

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