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1 [1] (February 7, 2024)

handle is hein.crs/goveogp0001 and id is 1 raw text is: A Congressional Research Service Inforrning the legislative debate since 1914 February 7, 2024 Courts, Programs, and Other Items Funded by Congressional Appropriations for the Federal Judiciary Funds for the federal judiciary are included annually in the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill. For FY2023, Congress enacted $8.46 billion in discretionary funds and $761.37 million in mandatory funds for the federal judiciary in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328). The judiciary also uses non-appropriated funds to offset its appropriations requirement. The majority of these non- appropriated funds are derived from the collection of fees, primarily court filing fees. The judiciary's annual appropriations request submitted to Congress reflects the net needs of the judiciary after the use of non-appropriated funds. For FY2024, the judiciary requested $8.95 billion in discretionary funds and $796.14 million in mandatory funds. Described below are the courts, programs, and other items funded by the appropriations enacted by Congress for the federal judiciary. Federal Courts Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judiciary. Justices are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. At present, Congress has authorized nine judgeships for the Court. U.S. Courts of Appeal! U.S. courts of appeals take appeals from district court decisions and are also empowered to review the decisions of many administrative agencies. The nation is divided into 12 geographic circuits, each with a U.S. court of appeals. There is also one circuit court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, with nationwide jurisdiction over certain types of cases. At present, Congress has authorized 179 judgeships for the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Cases presented to U.S. circuit courts are generally considered by judges sitting in three-member panels (circuit courts do not use juries). U.S. Court of International Trade The U.S. Court of International Trade has nationwide jurisdiction over civil actions related to the customs and international trade laws of the United States. At present, Congress has authorized nine judgeships for the court. U.S. District Courts District courts are the federal trial courts of general jurisdiction. These trial courts determine facts and apply legal principles to resolve civil disputes and criminal matters. At present, Congress has authorized 677 district court judgeships. Each state has at least one U.S. district court (there is also one district court in each of the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). U.S. Magistrate Judges Certain types of trials and proceedings held by district courts can also be conducted by magistrate judges. Magistrate judges cannot preside over felony criminal cases (but can handle pretrial matters and preliminary proceedings in such cases). The number of magistrate judge positions is determined by the Judicial Conference of the United States, the policymaking body for the federal courts. At present, the conference has authorized 562 full-time magistrate judge positions, 25 part-time positions, and 2 combination clerk/magistrate judge positions. U.S. Bankruptcy Courts Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters (i.e., a bankruptcy case cannot be filed in state court). Bankruptcy courts are units of the federal district courts and exercise jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters as granted by statute and referred to them by their respective district courts. At present, Congress has authorized 345 bankruptcy judgeships. U.S. Court of Federal Claims The U.S. Court of Federal Claims has nationwide jurisdiction over various monetary claims against the federal government, including those involving tax refunds, federal taking of private property for public use, dismissal of federal civilian employees, and other matters. At present, Congress has authorized 16 judgeships for the court. 0

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