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1 1 (November 22, 2023)

handle is hein.crs/govennc0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service informing the legislative debate since 1914 November 22, 2023 U.S. Efforts to Manage Western Hemisphere Migration Flows In FY2023, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforcement encounters at the Southwest border reached 2.5 million. CBP reports that those persons encountered were either placed into removal proceedings under Title 8 of the U.S. Code, where they could potentially seek asylum or related relief, or expelled from the United States under Title 42 for public health reasons. Encounters initially fell after the end of COVID-19-related border entry restrictions in May 2023 but have increased steadily since June 2023. FY2023 marked the first time the majority of migrants originated from outside Mexico and Central America, with more than 408,000 migrants traveling from South America through Panama's dangerous Darien Gap jungle between January and September 2023. The Biden Administration has launched foreign policy initiatives aimed at managing migration in the Western Hemisphere and has requested FY2024 base and supplemental funds to implement them. Congress is considering legislation and appropriations that could affect those policies while overseeing existing regional migration management efforts. Figure I. U.S. Southwest Border Encounters: FY2023 Top 10 Western Hemisphere Countries of Origin Figure is interactive in the HTML version of this In Focus. Mexico e. Venezuela Guatemala Honduras Colombia 4WA Cuba a$ Ecuador Nicaragua * Haiti Peru 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Number of Migrants (in thousands) Source: CRS using U.S. Customs and Border Protection data. US. Regional Migration Management The Biden Administration's approach to regional migration challenges initially focused on Central America, a top source of U.S.-bound migrants over the prior decade. In July 2021, pursuant to the United States-Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act (P.L. 116-260, Division FF, Subtitle F) and Executive Order 14010, the Administration released a U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America. Its stated aim is to address socioeconomic, governance, and security challenges in the subregion. The Administration also created a Collaborative Migration Management Strategy that seeks to build a regional framework for safe, orderly, and humane migration in North and Central America. The Administration subsequently broadened its engagement on migration issues beyond Central America to other countries in the Western Hemisphere in the context of increasingly diverse migrant flows (See Figure 1). Secretary of State Antony Blinken gathered with his counterparts in the region for a series of meetings resulting in the Los Angeles Declaration for Migration and Protection, signed by the United States and 20 other Western Hemisphere countries in June 2022. The declaration recognizes migration management as a shared responsibility and seeks to bolster regional efforts to improve border controls, create legal migration and protection pathways, support migrants and host communities, and coordinate mass migration responses. U.S. efforts to implement the Los Angeles Declaration include the following measures. Foreign Assistance The Biden Administration has used foreign assistance to advance its migration management strategies. In FY2022, the Administration allocated at least $704.9 million to support the implementation of the root causes strategy in Central America. It also allocated $295.6 million in humanitarian assistance to respond to the needs of vulnerable populations in Central America and Mexico, as well as $656.3 million in humanitarian assistance to countries hosting the more than 6.5 million Venezuelan migrants and refugees in the Western Hemisphere. Full- year FY2023 allocations are not yet available. For FY2024, the Administration requested at least $945.8 million to continue implementation of the root causes strategy in Central America, at least $83.0 million to support the integration of Venezuelan migrants in South America, and $51.4 million for migration management. The United States and some partner governments also are working with the Inter-American Development Bank to provide grants to support infrastructure and social programs for migrants and host communities in the region. The Administration requested $1.3 billion in FY2024 emergency supplemental assistance to respond to irregular migration in the hemisphere. Among other activities, the funds would support public messaging about the dangers of the journey and partner governments' migrant screening, regularization, and integration efforts. Funds also would support the creation and operations of Safe Mobility Offices (SMOs) in the region to vet potential candidates for refugee

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