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1 1 (October 02, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govdcbz0001 and id is 1 raw text is: 01;0cc)nSWfasrES $rh& p\w -- , gnom goo mppm qq\ , q I as 11LIANJILiN, Updated October 2, 2020 Lebanon Lebanon, a country of 5.5 million people, faces the worst economic crisis in its history amid ongoing political unrest, the spread of COVID-19, and an August 2020 explosion that severely damaged the port of Beirut and surrounding densely populated areas. Lebanon hosts the largest number of refugees in the world per capita (over 1 million, mostly Syrians), which has raised social tensions and strained public services. U.S. policy toward Lebanon has focused on countering the influence of Iran and Hezbollah, and on bolstering the Lebanese state while calling for reforms to counter corruption and mismanagement. G% ,kr \:* r,-n me n t Lebanon's confessional political system divides power among its three largest religious communities (Maronite Christian, Sunni, Shi'a), to which it allocates the posts of president, prime minister, and parliamentary speaker, respectively. Lebanese President Michel Aoun was elected in 2016 by Lebanon's parliament for a six-year term. Aoun is affiliated with the Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), which along with Hezbollah and the Shi'a Amal Movement comprise the major components of the March 8 political bloc. Parliamentary elections in 2018 gave the bloc, which advocates friendly ties with Iran and Syria, a simple majority (68 out of 128 seats). The United States has maintained ties with March 8's political rival, known as the March 14 bloc, which includes the Future Movement (Sunni), the Lebanese Forces, and Kataeb (both Christian). Former Prime Minister and Future Movement leader Saad Hariri formed a government in January 2019. The Hariri cabinet was majority March 8, reflecting the results of the 2018 legislative elections, but parties expected to align with March 14 held 11 seats. In October 2019, Hariri resigned amid mass protests, triggering the collapse of the government. In January 2020, Lebanon formed a new government under Prime Minister Hassan Diab. The Diab cabinet was the first since 2005 composed of parties from a single political bloc (March 8). On August 10, Diab resigned in the wake of the August 4 explosion at the port of Beirut. On August 28, President Aoun appointed Mustapha Adib, as prime minister-designate. On September 26, Adib resigned after failing to form a new government. Among the primary obstacles was the insistence by Hezbollah and Amal that they be permitted to name all Shi'a ministers in the new government, and that the Finance Ministry remain in Shi'a control. Lebanon's four sovereign ministries (Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, and Finance) are not formally allotted to a specific sect, but customarily have been divided among Lebanon's largest sectarian groups: Maronite Christian, Sunni, Shi'a, and Orthodox Christian. Figure I. Lebanon iiiiiiiiiiiiiii: 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ iii: i... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..: . +x~~x~~x~~x~~x~~x~~x~~x , .........,,,...,................ .... ................................................ .......... . ........ !! ~ i ::i:: : )i: i:: : :.. ............ .................. ._ . ::. .. . . . . . ...... : : :::::::::: .. .............?: :::% ::!:!ii~ ~~~~iiii m . .. . :::::: :::::::: :::::::::::: . . . ................................. ................... . . : ' ! i :, : ::: .. ........... ... . ............ ..... .. .. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............ii~~ii~~ii~~i~~i!. ! ! -.... ? ................ +:+ +: :+: :+ ....... ..~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiii: ..............i~ .., ......-. . ............... :+ :.,+. : , .. , : < ::-- I .....................................: ........::i :: x :i : ................ ...... .... . . .. ::::::::::::::...............:. ....: .. ..:. :. . ::::: :: : : : ::: : : ::::::::::::::::: .......... ....................... ....... : ::: : HI E . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .... On ugut , 220,a assveeplsio attepoto .eirutkille over 19 Beolanb jrednddspae ........ ....... Shource:s CraedbyCs usiigs ESikGoogle Maplsind God75 tons of ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated from a disabled cargo ship in 2014 and stored in a warehouse at the port. According to the government, the initial cause of the explosion was a welding accident at the port, but many Lebanese blamed the blast on government negligence and mismanagement. Reports have highlighted pervasive corruption and smuggling at the port, reportedly linked to all of Lebanon's major political parties. Authorities named a military judge to lead the investigation into the cause of the blast; some Lebanese have questioned his independence from political elites. An FBI team was dispatched to Lebanon in August to assist with the investigation. Hezbullah, a U.S.-designated Fureign Terrurist Organization (FTO), operates in Lebanon as a militia force, a political party, and a provider of social services. It is closely linked to Iran, which provides it with significant funding and has used it as a proxy or allied force to threaten Israel. 'While Israel withdrew in 2000 from areas of southern Lebanon it had occupied since 1982, Hezbollah has used the remaining Israeli presence in disputed areas in the Lebanon-Syria-Israel triborder region to justify its ongoing conflict with Israel and its continued existence as an armed militia alongside the Lebanese Armed Forces

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