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1 1 (October 18, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govbblv0001 and id is 1 raw text is: *~ Congressional Research Service I fo t ath IegvIativedeba~sance1914 S October 18, 2019 Trafficking in Persons: Child Protection Compacts Introduction Child Protection Compacts (CPCs) are bilateral, multiyear foreign assistance packages designed to combat child trafficking. Authorized by Congress in 2013, CPCs are one of several international anti-trafficking programs administered by the U.S. Department of State's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP Office). CPCs are unique among anti-trafficking programs in their focus on child trafficking, which encompasses forms of forced and bonded labor, including forced begging, the prostitution of minors, and the recruitment and use of child soldiers. To date, the United States has established four CPCs (Figure 1). CPCs, referred to by the U.S. Department of State as CPC Partnerships, align with the U.S. government's broader 3P paradigm to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons through the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, and prevention of trafficking. In 2009, the State Department added a fourth P to the 3Ps, to include partnerships. Reflecting shared political will to combat child trafficking, CPCs also involve financial or other commitments from host nations. Origins Legislative initiatives to establish CPCs were first introduced in the 11 Ith Congress (H.R. 2737 and S. 3184). The concept drew in part from the experiences of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, which uses bilateral, government-to-government compacts to advance economic development. The concept also reflected a broader U.S. government approach to foreign assistance, which incentivizes shared commitments and buy-in among stakeholders. Adopting a similar approach, CPCs involve collaboration with the host government, civil society, and private sector to design targeted aid packages to address context-specific child trafficking challenges. Authorization for CPCs was ultimately enacted in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWA) of 2013 (P.L. 113-4; 22 U.S.C. 7103a). Section 1202 of that act stated that the CPCs would * prevent and respond to violence, exploitation, and abuse against children, and * measurably reduce the trafficking of minors by building sustainable and effective systems of justice, prevention, and protection. CPCs were first funded in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76), which directed that $5 million in International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE) assistance be used for this purpose. In years since, $5 million has typically been directed for CPCs in annual https:!icrsrepo appropriations, with the exception of FY2015, when CPC funding was included as part of a larger $12 million directive for the TIP Office. Selection and Implementation Through VAWA 2013, Congress authorized the selection of CPC countries according to criteria set by the Secretary of State in consultation with the Secretary of Labor and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). These criteria are to include a high prevalence of child trafficking and a commitment to address the issue on the part of the partner government. In determining partner country eligibility, the TIP Office considers information from its annual reports, as well as each country's national action plans relating to human trafficking. (For more on the TIP report's ranking of countries' anti-trafficking efforts, see CRS Report R44953, The State Department's Trafficking in Persons Report: Scope, Aid Restrictions, and Methodology.) State Department officials work with foreign authorities to develop the CPC partnership agreement. According to VAWA 2013, U.S. assistance may take the form of grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts with national governments, regional or local governmental units, or non- governmental organizations or private entities. CPCs may be terminated if a country engages in activities counter to the United States' national security interest or inconsistent with the criteria that made it eligible for the CPC, or has failed to fulfill its CPC commitments. Figure I. CPC Duration and Initial Funding 70 21 0/28 1 22 21s 0 Ghana$ Fi in Jue 2015 The Philippines $3 -SM Four yars signed 'n April2 t0 P peru SM Ir NoFten yeare, sgined in n e 2317 Four years, signed in May 01 o P Mongolia Negotiations began in August 2019 Source: U.S. Department of State, Child Protection Compact Partnerships, adapted by CRS Graphics. Note: Subsequent, additional funding noted in country narratives. Country Compacts The four CPCs to date have been funded in the range of $3.5-5 million, with a time frame of four to five years. Selected countries have been identified as experiencing issues relating to child trafficking by the annual TIP reports. Partner governments have demonstrated varying levels of interest and success in addressing these issues, as reflected rt.conge -

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