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1 1 (July 1, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govbads0001 and id is 1 raw text is: M gonira R S Mongolia Updated July 1, 2019 Overview Mongolia is a landlocked nation of 3 million people between Russia and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It has been viewed as a democratic success story both among former Soviet satellite states and in Asia. In 1989, democratic activists staged protests against communist rule and formed the Mongolian Democratic Union. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), which had ruled the country since 1921, allowed multiparty elections in 1990 and relinquished power in 1996, when a Democratic Party (DP)-led coalition of opposition forces won nationwide elections. Mongolia's foreign relations are driven by a desire to preserve its autonomy by balancing relations between major partners, including the United States, China, and Russia, and also Japan and South Korea. Its economy is supported by extensive mineral resources, but growth remains uneven, driven by fluctuations in mineral and petroleum prices. U.S.-Mongoi a Relations The United States established diplomatic relations with Mongolia in 1987, and Mongolian leaders describe the United States as Mongolia's most important third neighbor-countries that do not border Mongolia but have close relations with it. Polling indicates Mongolian perceptions of the United States are largely positive. Mongolia's relations with its former patron Russia remain close, and many Mongolians regard Russia with some affection. At the same time, they remain wary of China, their largest economic partner. Mongolia's official relations with China largely have been amicable, with the exception of periods of tension and pressure from Beijing following visits to Mongolia, a traditionally Tibetan Buddhist country, by the Dalai Lama, the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader whom the PRC government asserts aims to split Tibet from China. The U.S. government views Mongolia as an emerging partner and as a country with which it may cooperate to achieve a shared vision of rules-based order in the Indo- Pacific. The Department of State's Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY2019, states, The primary goals of U.S. assistance to Mongolia are to ensure the United States remains a preferred partner over geographical neighbors Russia and China and to give Mongolia greater latitude to chart an independent foreign and security policy. Mongolia participates in United Nations global peacekeeping operations and has over 1,000 peacekeepers deployed in Africa. Mongolia sent troops to Iraq from 2003 to 2008 and currently has over 200 troops in Afghanistan supporting Coalition operations. U.S. Indo-Pacific Command and the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) hold an annual multinational peacekeeping exercise in Mongolia known as Khaan Quest. Khaan Quest 2019, the 17th such event, focused on peacekeeping and stability operations and involved 900 MAF personnel, 220 U.S. military personnel, and participants from 29 other countries including China. In April 2019, the United States and Mongolia held bilateral consultations in the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar, the first such dialogue held under the auspices of the U.S.- Mongolia Expanded Comprehensive Partnership established in 2018. The two sides discussed regional security matters, issues related to Mongolia's economic development, and bilateral cooperation on aviation and mining safety. In April 2019, the Mongolia Third Neighbor Trade Act, To promote United States-Mongolia trade by authorizing duty-free treatment for certain imports from Mongolia, was introduced in the House (H.R. 2219) and Senate (S. 1188). Figure I. Mongolia at a Glance Sources: Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 2018. Map created by CRS, 2018. Mongolians participate in programs of the Open World Leadership Center, a U.S. congressional agency whose mission is to introduce rising leaders of 17 Eurasian countries to U.S. governing and free market systems. Mongolia's legislature is one of 21 parliaments worldwide that have partnered with the U.S. House Democracy Partnership, a bipartisan commission of the U.S. House of Representatives that works to strengthen democratic institutions by assisting legislatures in emerging democracies. The United States and Mongolia both are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF). Mongolia is one of nine NATO partner nations, along with Japan and South Korea in East Asia. Mongolia also is a member of the Governing Council of the Community of Democracies, established in 2000 to support democratic transitions worldwide.

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