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1 [1] (December 5, 2016)

handle is hein.crs/crsmthmbbzd0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service ito i rgtheIegvIativedebate~anco 1914 December 5, 2016 Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence Introduction Intelligence Community (IC) programs provide the resources (money and manpower) considered necessary to accomplish IC goals, directions, duties and responsibilities as defined by U.S. Code and Executive Order 12333. IC programs are grouped, for the most part, under two labels: (1) the National Intelligence Program (NIP), which covers the programs, projects, and activities of the IC oriented towards the strategic needs of decision-makers, and (2) the Military Intelligence Program (MIP), which funds defense intelligence activities intended to support tactical military operations and priorities. The NIP and MIP are managed and overseen separately, by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USD(I)), respectively, under different authorities. The NIP and MIP National Intelligence Program (NIP) Origins of the intelligence budget, separate and distinct from the defense budget, date back to reforms initiated in the 1970s to improve oversight and accountability of the IC. At that time, the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP) was managed by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, and overseen by the National Security Council (NSC). The term NIP was created by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 (P.L. 108-458 § 1074). The IRTPA deleted Foreign from NFIP and also created the position of DNI. The DNI was given greater budgetary authorities in conjunction with the NIP than the DCI had in conjunction with the NFIP. Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 104 provides overall policy to include a description of the DNI's roles and responsibilities as program executive of the NIP. Military Intelligence Program (MIP) Military-specific tactical and/or operational intelligence activities were not included in the NFIP. They were referred to as Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities (TIARA) and were managed separately by the Secretary of Defense. TIARA referred to the intelligence activities of a single service that were considered organic (meaning to belong to) military units. In 1994, a new category was created called the Joint Military Intelligence Program (JMIP) for defense-wide intelligence programs. A DOD memorandum signed by the Secretary of Defense in 2005 merged TIARA and JMIP to create the MIP. DOD Directive 5205.12, signed in November 2008, established policies and assigned responsibilities, to include the USD(I)'s role as program executive of the MIP, acting on behalf of the Secretary of Defense. The IC has established organizing principles it calls Rules of the Road to loosely explain what falls where. A program is primarily NIP if it funds an activity that supports more than one department or agency (such as satellite imagery), or provides a service of common concern for the IC (such as secure communications). The NIP funds the CIA and the strategic-level intelligence activities associated with the National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. A program is primarily MIP if it funds an activity that addresses a unique DOD requirement. Additionally, MIP funds may be used to sustain, enhance, or increase capacity/capability of NIP systems. The DNI and USD(I) work together in a number of ways to facilitate the seamless integration of NIP and MIP intelligence efforts. Mutually beneficial programs may receive both NIP and MIP resources. NiP and MIP Spending At the present time only the NIP topline figure must be publicly disclosed based on a directive in statute. The DNI is not required to disclose any other information concerning the NIP budget, whether the information concerns particular intelligence agencies or particular intelligence programs. In 2010, the Secretary of Defense began disclosing MIP appropriations figures on an annual basis and in 2011 disclosed those figures back to 2007. These actions have provided public access to previously classified budget numbers for national and military intelligence activities. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2016, the aggregate amount (base and supplemental) appropriated totaled $70.7 billion-NIP $53B, MIP $17.7B. Two Budget Processes: IPPBE & PPBE The IC's Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Evaluation (IPPBE) is a resource allocation process designed to fund IC-wide capabilities-such as reconnaissance, surveillance and geospatial intelligence- through the development and execution of the National Intelligence Program and budget. The NIP addresses priorities described in national security-related strategy documents (such as the National Intelligence Strategy). IPPBE guidance is applicable to all 17 components of the IC. NIP resources (manpower and dollars) are managed by Program Managers who exercise daily control over resources associated with IC capabilities such as cryptology, reconnaissance, and signals collection- capabilities that may span several IC components. The DOD's Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) process provides the funding the service components need to organize, train and equip military www crs.gov 17-5700

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