Full Name	Backer, Larry Cata
University/Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University - University Park
Title	W. Richard and Mary Eshelman Faculty Scholar; Professor of Law and International Affairs
Status	Tenured or Tenure-Track Faculty
Professor Type	Doctrinal
ORCID ID	0000-0002-7492-4527
orcid help https://help.heinonline.org/kb/orcid/
PathFinder Subjects
Human Rights Law (26) Politics (General) (26) Business and the Law (23) Comparative and Foreign Law (20) International Law (19) Law and Society (18) Jurisprudence (17) Constitutional Law, Generally (16) Countries, Areas, and Regions (15) Government (General) (13)
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Cited by Articles (0-5 Years)	294
This metric counts the number of times this author has been cited by other articles in HeinOnline within the past five years only. Citation sources include the Bluebook, Prince's Bieber Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations, and the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations.
Cited by Articles (5+ Years) (By Year)	922

This metric counts the number of times this author has been cited by other articles in HeinOnline beyond the past five years only. Citation sources include the Bluebook, Prince's Bieber Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations, and the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations.
Cited by Cases (0-5 Years)	0
This metric counts the number of times this author has been cited by cases available in HeinOnline or via Fastcase within the past five years only.
Cited by Cases (5+ Years)	7
This metric counts the number of times this author has been cited by cases available in HeinOnline or via Fastcase beyond the past five years only.
Accessed (Past 12 Months)	1,641
This metric counts the cumulative number of times an author's articles have been accessed by HeinOnline users within a rolling 12 month period. In order for an author's article to count as accessed, the article must be clicked from either search results or by browsing to the article, or retrieved using the citation navigator.
ScholarRank	964
ScholarRank is an overall ranking based on the calculation of five HeinOnline ScholarCheck metrics. The Z-score for each of the five metrics is taken and then averaged; the final average is entered into standard competition ranking to produce the overall ScholarRank for each author. Further information on HeinOnline's ScholarRank may be found in our Knowledge Base.

Average Citations per Article	12.94
This metric counts the cumulative number of times this author has been cited by other articles, then divides this number by this author's total number of articles written, to calculate the average number of citations per article.
Average Citations per Document	11.16
This metric counts the cumulative number of times this author has been cited by other articles, then divides this number by this author's total number of documents written, to calculate the average number of citations per document.
Self-Citations	86
This metric counts the cumulative number of an author's self-citations. This metric is not currently factored into the overall ScholarCheck ranking analysis.
H-Index	18.00
The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of an author. The index is based on the set of the author's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. Further information on an h-index can be found here.

Similar Author Names

Multinational Corporations, Transnational Law: The United Nations' Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsility in International Law [article]

Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 37, Issue 2 (Winter 2006), pp. 287-390

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

37 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 287 (2005-2006)

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PathFinder Subjects: Business and the Law; International Law; International Trade and the Law; Multinational Corporations; Corporations; United Nations; International Agencies; Human Rights Law

2.

Constructing a Homosexual for Constitutional Theory: Sodomy Narrative, Jurisprudence, and Antipathy in United States and British Courts [article]

Tulane Law Review , Vol. 71, Issue 2 (December 1996), pp. 529-596

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

71 Tul. L. Rev. 529 (1996-1997)

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PathFinder Subjects: Comparative and Foreign Law; Courts; Felonies; Crimes; Jurisprudence; Misdemeanors; Sodomy; Sex Acts; Sex

3.

Economic Globalization and the Rise of Efficient Systems of Global Private Law Making: Wal-Mart as Global Legislator [article]

Symposium: Wal-Mart Matters: Wal-Mart: The New Superpower

Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 39, Issue 4 (May 2007), pp. 1739-1784

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

39 Conn. L. Rev. 1739 (2006-2007)

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  1. Labor Law

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PathFinder Subjects: Globalization; Foreign Affairs; International Trade and the Law; Labor Law; Gender and the Law

4.

Surveillance and Control: Privatizing and Nationalizing Corporate Monitoring after Sarbanes-Oxley [article]

In the Wake of Corporate Reform: One Year in the Life of Sarbanes-Oxley - A Critical Review Symposium Issue

Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 2004, Issue 2 (Summer 2004), pp. 327-440

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

2004 Mich. St. L. Rev. 327 (2004)

PathFinder Subjects: Government (General); Business and the Law; Securities Law

5.

Medieval Poor Law in Twentieth Century America: Looking Back Towards a General Theory of Modern American Poor Relief [article]

Case Westerm Reserve Law Review, Vol. 44, Issue 3 (Spring/Summer 1995), pp. 871-1042

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

44 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 871 (1993-1995)

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  1. Jurisprudence

Social Sciences

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PathFinder Subjects: Law and Society; Social Welfare; Legislation; Family Responsibility/Support Laws; Domestic Relations; Jurisprudence

6.

Welfare Reform at the Limit: The Futility of "Ending Welfare as We Know It" [article]

Symposium: Economic Justice in America's Cities: Visions and Revisions of a Movement

Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 339-406

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

30 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 339 (1995)

PathFinder Subjects: Legislation; Trade Regulation; Law and Society; Social Welfare

7.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Federalizing Norms for Officer, Lawyer, and Accountant Behavior [article]

Symposium: Enron and Its Aftermath

St. John's Law Review, Vol. 76, Issue 4 (Fall 2002), pp. 897-952

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

76 St. John's L. Rev. 897 (2002)

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    1. Insider Trading
  2. Securities Law

Humanities
1. Law

Social Sciences
1. Government and Politics
  1. First Amendment
  2. Politics (General)

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PathFinder Subjects: Business and the Law; First Amendment; Insider Trading; Securities; Politics (General); Securities Law

8.

9.

The Extra-National State: American Confederate Federalism and the European Union [article]

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2001), pp. 173-240

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

7 Colum. J. Eur. L. 173 (2001)

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    1. European Union
2. Law

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1. Government and Politics

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PathFinder Subjects: European Union; Countries, Areas, and Regions; Federalism; Political Theories and Ideologies; Comparative and Foreign Law; Constitutional Law, Generally; Judges; Politics (General)

10.

Multinational Corporations as Objects and Sources of Transnational Regulation [article]

International Law - Making and Non-State Actors: Toward New Paradigms?

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 14, Issue 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 499-524

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

14 ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 499 (2007-2008)

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  1. Courts

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PathFinder Subjects: Business and the Law; Multinational Corporations; Corporations; Courts; International Law; Nonprofit Organizations; Organizations; International Court of Justice

11.

Private Actors and Public Governance beyond the State: The Multinational Corporation, the Financial Stability Board, and the Global Governance Order [article]

Symposium

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 18, Issue 2 (Summer 2011), pp. 751-802

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

18 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 751 (2011)

PathFinder Subjects: State, The; Government (General); Sovereignty; Violence; Crimes Against the Person

12.

13.

Sovereign Wealth Funds as Regulatory Chameleons: The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Funds and Public Global Governance through Private Global Investment [article]

Georgetown Journal of International Law , Vol. 41, Issue 2 (2010 ), pp. 425-500

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

41 Geo. J. Int'l L. 425 (2009-2010)

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PathFinder Subjects: Banking and Finance Law; Foreign Investment; Investment; Public Finance; International Trade and the Law

14.

Exposing the Perversions of Toleration: The Decriminalization of Private Sexual Conduct, the Model Penal Code, and the Oxymoron of Liberal Toleration [article]

Florida Law Review, Vol. 45, Issue 5 (December 1993), pp. 755-802

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

45 Fla. L. Rev. 755 (1993)

PathFinder Subjects: Harassment; Crimes Against the Person

15.

God(s) over Constitutions: International and Religious Transnational Constitutionalism in the 21st Century [article]

Symposium on Religion, Religious Pluralism, and the Rule of Law

Mississippi College Law Review, Vol. 27, Issue 1 (2007-2008), pp. 11-66

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

27 Miss. C. L. Rev. 11 (2007-2008)

PathFinder Subjects: Constitutions; Government (General); European Union; Countries, Areas, and Regions; Human Rights Law

16.

The Private Law of Public Law: Public Authorities as Shareholders, Golden Shares, Sovereign Wealth Funds, and the Public Law Element in Private Choice of Law [article]

Proceedings of the Duke Law Center for International and Comparative Law and Tulane Law Review Symposium: The New European Choice-of-Law Revolution: Lessons for the United States: Corporate Law

Tulane Law Review , Vol. 82, Issue 5 (May 2008), pp. 1801-1868

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

82 Tul. L. Rev. 1801 (2007-2008)

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    1. Private International Law
2. Law

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1. Community and Society Studies
  1. Law and Society
    1. Public Law

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PathFinder Subjects: Business and the Law; Choice of Law; Conflict of Laws; Public Law; Law and Society; Securities Law; International Law; Private International Law

17.

Party, People, Government and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System [article]

Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 331-408

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

30 B.U. Int'l L.J. 331 (2012)

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PathFinder Subjects: Constitutional Law, Generally; Government (General); Politics (General); Rule of Law; Law and Society; Jurisdiction; Constitutions

18.

19.

Of Handouts and Worthless Promises: Understanding the Conceptual Limitations of American Systems of Poor Relief [article]

Boston College Law Review, Vol. 34, Issue 5 (September 1993), pp. 997-1086

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

34 B.C. L. Rev. 997 (1992-1993)

PathFinder Subjects: Family Responsibility/Support Laws; Domestic Relations; Jurisprudence; Social Welfare; Law and Society

20.

Chroniclers in the Field of Cultural Production: Courts, Law and the Interpretive Process [article]

Boston College Third World Law Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 291-344

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

20 B. C. Third World L. J. 291 (2000)

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PathFinder Subjects: Courts; Culture and Law; Law and Society; Judges; Sex; Sex Trafficking; Sex Crimes; Gender and the Law

21.

Measuring the Penetration of Outsider Scholarship into the Courts: Indifference, Hostility, Engagement [article]

LatCrit IV Symposium - Rotating Centers, Epanding Frontiers: Theory and Marginal Intersections- Forging Our Identity: Transformative Resistance in the Areas of Work, Class, and the Law

U.C. Davis Law Review, Vol. 33, Issue 4 (Summer 2000), pp. 1173-1226

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

33 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1173 (Summer 2000)

PathFinder Subjects: Research; Education Law; Legal Education

22.

Poor Relief, Welfare Paralysis, and Assimilation [article]

Utah Law Review, Vol. 1996, Issue 1 (1996), pp. 1-50

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

1996 Utah L. Rev. 1 (1996)

PathFinder Subjects: Law and Society; Child Care; Parents and Children; Domestic Relations; Social Welfare; Gender and the Law

23.

Religion as the Language of Discourse of Same Sex Marriage [article]

Symposium on Same-Sex Marriages, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships

Capital University Law Review, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (2002), pp. 221-278

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

30 Cap. U. L. Rev. 221 (2002)

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1. Military, War, and Peace Studies
  1. Military Law and Justice
    1. Martial Law

Humanities
1. Law
2. Religion
  1. Religion and the Law

Social Sciences

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PathFinder Subjects: Domestic Relations; Martial Law; Military Law and Justice; Religion and the Law; Same-Sex Marriage; Marriage and Couples; Sex; Unmarried Couples; Civil Rights, Generally

24.

Global Panopticism: States, Corporations, and the Governance Effects of Monitoring Regimes [article]

Conference on Democracy and the Transnational Private Sector

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 15, Issue 1 (Winter 2008), pp. 101-148

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

15 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 101 (2008)

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  1. Criminal Law and Procedure
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  1. Constitutional Law, Generally
  2. First Amendment

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PathFinder Subjects: Business and the Law; Constitutional Law, Generally; Law Enforcement; Criminal Law and Procedure; First Amendment

25.

On the Evolution of the United Nations Protect-Respect-Remedy Project: The State, the Corporation and Human Rights in a Global Governance Context [article]

Santa Clara Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, Issue 1 (2011), pp. 37-80

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

9 Santa Clara J. Int'l L. 37 (2011)

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  1. Countries, Areas, and Regions
    1. South Africa
  2. International Agencies
    1. United Nations
2. Law
  1. Human Rights Law

Social Sciences
1. Community and Society Studies
  1. Human Rights Law
2. Government and Politics
  1. Government (General)
    1. State, The

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PathFinder Subjects: Human Rights Law; State, The; Government (General); United Nations; International Agencies; South Africa; Countries, Areas, and Regions

26.

Tweaking Facts, Speaking Judgment: Judicial Transmogrification of Case Narrative as Jurisprudence in the United States and Britain [article]

Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 3 (Spring 1998), pp. 611-662

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

6 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 611 (1997-1998)

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Applied Sciences
1. Health and Medicine

Humanities
1. Law
  1. Courts
  2. Jurisprudence
2. Philosophy and Ethics
  1. Jurisprudence
  2. Medical Ethics
    1. Abortion

Social Sciences
1. Gender and Sexuality
  1. Sex
2. Government and Politics
  1. Courts

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PathFinder Subjects: Jurisprudence; Courts; Sex; Abortion; Birth and Reproduction; Death and Dying; Medical Ethics

27.

Raping Sodomy and Sodomizing Rape: A Morality Tale about the Transformation of Modern Sodomy Jurisprudence [article]

American Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 21, Issue 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 37-126

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

21 Am. J. Crim. L. 37 (1993-1994)

PathFinder Subjects: Crimes; Jurisprudence; Rape; Sex Crimes; Sodomy; Sex Acts

28.

Theocratic Constitutionalism: An Introduction to a New Global Legal Ordering [article]

Symposium: Operationalizing Global Governance Indiana University Mauerer School of Law - Bloomington - Bloomington, Indiana, March 19-21, 2008

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 16, Issue 1 (Winter 2009), pp. 85-172

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

16 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 85 (2009)

PathFinder Subjects: Constitutions; Government (General); Democracy; Political Systems and Governments

29.

From Institutional Misalignments to Socially Sustainable Governance: The Guiding Principles for the Implementation of the United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy and the Construction of Inter-Systemic Global Governance [article]

Symposium: The Global Impact and Implementation of Human Rights Norms

Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal , Vol. 25, Issue 1 (2012), pp. 69-172

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

25 Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. & Dev. L.J. 69 (2012)

PathFinder Subjects: United Nations; International Agencies; Business and the Law; Human Rights Law

30.

Retaining Judicial Authority: A Preliminary Inquiry on the Dominion of Judges [article]

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 1 (December 2003), pp. 117-178

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

12 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 117 (2003-2004)

PathFinder Subjects: Judges; European Union; Countries, Areas, and Regions; Constitutional Law, Generally; International Law; Supremacy Clause

31.

The Duty to Monitor: Emerging Obligations of Outside Lawyers and Auditors to Detect and Report Corporate Wrongdoing beyond the Federal Securities Laws [article]

Symposium: The Intersection of Race, Corporate Law, and Economic Development

St. John's Law Review, Vol. 77, Issue 4 (Fall 2003), pp. 919-1018

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

77 St. John's L. Rev. 919 (2003)

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PathFinder Subjects: Legal Profession; Securities Law; Data Mining; Data Processing and Use; Internet; National Security

32.

Reifying Law - Government, Law and the Rule of Law in Governance Systems [article]

Symposium: Reifying Law - Rule of Law, Government, the State, and the Transnational Governance

Penn State International Law Review, Vol. 26, Issue 3 (Winter 2008), pp. 521-564

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

26 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 521 (Winter 2008)

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PathFinder Subjects: Government (General); Rule of Law; Law and Society; Social Welfare; Contracts; Estoppel; Jurisprudence; Government Contracts

33.

Forging Federal Systems within a Matrix of Contained Conflict: The Example of the European Union [article]

Emory Internationa Law Review, Vol. 12, Issue 3 (Fall 1998), pp. 1331-1394

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

12 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 1331 (1998)

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34.

The Rule of Law, the Chinese Communist Party, and Ideological Campaigns: Sange Daibiao (The Three Represents), Socialist Rule of Law, and Modern Chinese Constitutionalism [article]

China: Law, Finance, and Security - A Symposium

Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 16, Issue 1 (Fall 2006), pp. 29-102

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

16 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 29 (Fall 2006)

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Economic Globalization Ascendant and the Crisis of the State: Four Perspective on the Emerging Ideology of the State in the New Global Order [article]

Latcrit X: Critical Approaches to Economic In/Justice

Berkeley La Raza Law Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 141-168

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

17 Berkeley La Raza L.J. 141 (2006)

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37.

Moving Forward the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights: Between Enterprise Social Norm, State Domestic Legal Orders, and the Treaty Law that Might Bind Them All [article]

Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 2 (February 2015), pp. 457-542

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

38 Fordham Int'l L.J. 457 (2015)

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38.

Cuban Corporate Governance at the Crossroads: Cuban Marxism, Private Economic Collectives, and Free Market Globalism [article]

Symposium: Whither Goes Cuba: Prospects for Economic & Social Development: Part II of II: Cuba's Future in a Globalized World

Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 14, Issue 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 337-418

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

14 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 337 (2004-2005)

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39.

The Incarnate Word, That Old Rugged Cross and the State: On the Supreme Court's October 1994 Term Establishment Clause Cases and the Persistence of Comic Absurdity As Jurisprudence [article]

Symposium: Practitioner's Guide to the October 1994 Supreme Court Term

Tulsa Law Journal, Vol. 31, Issue 3 (Spring 1996), pp. 447-472

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

31 Tulsa L.J. 447 (1995-1996)

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40.

Fairness As a General Principle of American Constitutional Law: Applying Extra-Constitutional Principles to Constitutional Cases in Hendricks and M.L.B. [article]

Symposium: Practitioner's Guide to the October 1996 Supreme Court Term

Tulsa Law Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 1 (Fall 1997), pp. 135-162

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

33 Tulsa L.J. 135 (1997-1998)

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41.

The Structural Characteristics of Global Law for the 21st Century: Fracture, Fluidity, Permeability, and Polycentricity [article]

Tilburg Law Review, Vol. 17, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 177-199

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

17 Tilburg L. Rev. 177 (2012)

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42.

43.

By Hook or By Crook: Conformity, Assimilation and Liberal and Conservative Poor Relief Theory [article]

Hastings Women's Law Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 391-440

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

7 Hastings Women's L.J. 391 (1996)

PathFinder Subjects: Parents and Children; Domestic Relations; Domestic Violence; Marriage and Couples; Violence; Crimes Against the Person; Children; Juveniles

44.

Defining, Measuring, and Judging Scholarly Productivity: Working toward a Rigorous and Flexible Approach [article]

Journal of Legal Education, Vol. 52, Issue 3 (2002), pp. 317-341

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

52 J. Legal Educ. 317 (2002)

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46.

47.

Disciplining Judicial Interpretation of Fundamental Rights: First Amendment Decadence in Southworth and Boy Scouts of America and European Alternatives [article]

Symposium: 1999-2000 Supreme Court Review

Tulsa Law Journal, Vol. 36, Issue 1 (Fall 2000), pp. 117-152

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

36 Tulsa L.J. 117 (2000-2001)

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48.

Transnational Corporations' Outward Expression of Inward Self-Constitution: The Enforcement of Human Rights by Apple, Inc. [article]

Symposium: Transnational Societal Constitutionalism: Part IV: New Constitutional Subjects: Transnational Normative Orders, Multinational Corporations, Global Social Movements

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 20, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 805-880

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

20 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 805 (2013)

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49.

Sovereign Investing and Markets-Based Transnational Rule of Law Building: The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund in Global Markets [article]

American University International Law Review, Vol. 29, Issue 1 (2013), pp. 1-122

Backer, Larry Cata (Cited 1216 times)

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