About | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline
LOG IN
LOG IN

58 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 405 (1996-1997)
Title VII Retalliation Cases: Creating a New Protected Class

handle is hein.journals/upitt58 and id is 415 raw text is: TITLE VII RETALIATION CASES: CREATING A NEW PROTECTED CLASS Douglas E. Ray* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction .......................................................... 406 II. Scope of Protected Activity ....................................... 409 I. Proving Retaliation ................................................. 413 A. Actions That May Constitute Retaliation ................. 414 1. Failure to Hire .......................................... 414 2. Discharge or Suspension .............................. 414 3. Promotions and Evaluations .......................... 415 4. Work Schedules, Benefits and Other Conditions of Employment ........................................ 415 5. Third Party Reprisals ................................... 415 6. References and Other Post-Employment Issues .... 416 7. Limiting Access To Arbitration or Other Com- plaint Procedures and the Role of Intent ........... 420 B. Legal Standards ................................................ 422 C. Evidence of Retaliatory Motive ............................. 424 1. Employer Knowledge of Protected Activity ........ 425 2. Timing .................................................... 426 3. Whether the Employer's Policies and Procedures Were Followed .......................................... 427 4. Close Supervision and/or Harassment ............... 428 IV. Remedies for Retaliation ........................................... 429 V. Avoiding Retaliation and the Appearance of Retaliation ..... 432 VI. Conclusion .......................................................... 434 * Charles W. Fornoff Professor of Law and Values, University of Toledo College of Law. B.A., University of Minnesota; J.D., Harvard University Law School. The author thanks Ms. Megan Burke, J.D., University of Toledo, 1997, for her research assistance and Ms. Pamela Crabtree for her word processing and organizational help.

What Is HeinOnline?

HeinOnline is a subscription-based resource containing thousands of academic and legal journals from inception; complete coverage of government documents such as U.S. Statutes at Large, U.S. Code, Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Reports, and much more. Documents are image-based, fully searchable PDFs with the authority of print combined with the accessibility of a user-friendly and powerful database. For more information, request a quote or trial for your organization below.



Short-term subscription options include 24 hours, 48 hours, or 1 week to HeinOnline.

Purchase Access

Contact us for annual subscription options:

Contact Us

Already a HeinOnline Subscriber?

Log In

profiles profiles most