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42 Stan. Env't L. J. 3 (2023)

handle is hein.journals/staev42 and id is 1 raw text is: Environmental Penalties: Discretion and Disparity Jerry L. Anderson & Amy Grace Vaughan* I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 4 II. A CASE STUDY IN THE SHORTCOMINGS OF PENALTY DISCRETION: CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION.............................................. 7 III. PENALTY AUTHORITY: STATUTORY, REGULATORY, AND POLICY PROVISIONS ................................................................... 12 A. Federal Statutory Enforcement Authority..................... 13 B. EPA Penalty Policies ..........................................................16 C. Judicial Determination of Penalties .............................. 23 D. State Penalty Authority .................................................. 26 IV. DATA ANALYSIS REVEALS SIGNIFICANT DISPARITIES IN AMOUNTS OF PENALTIES IMPOSED ............................................................ 32 A. State vs. Federal Enforcement Disparity ...................... 33 B. Penalty Differences Between EPA Regions .................. 35 V. EPA PENALTY POLICY DISCRETION .......................................... 45 VI. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON PENALTY DISCRETION ....... 49 A . D ue Process ................................................................... 49 B. Eighth Am endm ent ...................................................... 52 *Jerry L. Anderson is the Dean and Richard M. and Anita Calkins Distinguished Professor of Law, Drake University Law School. Amy Grace Vaughan is an Associate Professor of Statistics, Drake University College of Business and Public Administration. The authors gratefully acknowledge the research assistance provided by Tanner Berger (Drake Law 2022). Tanner was primarily responsible for gathering the data analyzed in this article and for conducting the legal research. Drake Law Library professors Rebecca Lutkenhaus and Lexi Brennan also provided valuable research. The authors also thank Anna Gorsche (Emory 2024) for her assistance with organizing data tables. The article benefited from the helpful input of William Andreen, Sara Colangelo, Victor Flatt, Steve Gold, Robert Glicksman, Seema Kakade, Sarah Matsumoto, Joel Mintz, and Cliff Villa, as well as state and federal agency officials who provided crucial feedback. 3

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