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55 Okla. L. Rev. 257 (2002)
Presuming Innocence

handle is hein.journals/oklrv55 and id is 283 raw text is: PRESUMING INNOCENCE
RINAT KITAi*
Table of Contents
I. Introduction  ...........................................           258
I. The Development of the Presumption of Innocence: Definition and
Critique .............................................. 260
A. Historical Background  .................................          260
B. Arguments Against the Presumption of Innocence .............. 263
1. The Tension between the Presumption of Innocence and Other Legal
Presumptions  ........................................             264
2. Incompatibility of the Presumption of Innocence with Investigation
and  Trial  ...........................................            269
3. The Presumption of Innocence and Enforcement of the Criminal Law 269
4. Criminal Proceedings: To Determine Guilt, Not Innocence ....... 270
5. The Presumption of Innocence: A False Liberal Concept? ....... 271
III. The Two Faces of the Presumption of Innocence ................ 271
A. The Factual Presumption of Innocence ...................... 271
B. The Normative Presumption of Innocence .................... 272
C. A Mixed Model of No Presumption of Guilt ..  ............... 273
IV. The Applicability of the Presumption of Innocence at Pretrial Stages .. 275
A. Expanding the Presumption of Innocence: Beyond the Burden of Proof 275
B. Difficulties in Applying the Presumption of Innocence and Its No
Presumption of Guilt Substitute  ............................ 277
C. The Case for the Presumption of Innocence at Pretrial Stages ...... 278
1. The Burden of Proving Guilt ........................... 279
2. Neutralization of the Prima Facie Inference of Guilt ........... 279
3. The Presumption of Innocence as Deriving from Political Morality . 280
4. The Presumption of Innocence as Manifesting Respect for Human
D ignity  ............................................             283
5. Curtailing the Accused's Defense at Trial ................... 284
D. The Significance of the Presumption of Innocence at Pretrial Stages . 287
E. The Impact of Suspicion: Intertwining the Normative and the Factual
* LL.B., 1992. Ph.D., 2001, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem and the Academic College of Law. Visiting Scholar, New York University Law
School.
I am most grateful to Michal Aharoni, Moshe Cohen-Eliya, Yosi Dahan, Ruth Gavison, Yoav
Hammer, Yuval Merin, Boaz Sangero, Alex Stein, and Risa Zoll for their helpful comments on the draft.
Special thanks are due to Alex Stein for his invaluable help throughout all stages of this project. I wish
to thank the Academic College of Law for their financial support of this research. I also wish to thank
the Max Planck Institute for providing me with access to various important materials for this project.

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